Cultural Relativism as Applied to Female Genital Mutilation Essay

Cultural Relativism as Applied to Female Genital Mutilation I remember the blade. How it shone There was a woman kneeling everyplace me with the knife. I bit her it was all I could do. Then three women came to hold me down. One of them sat on my chest. I bit her with all my might. These words smoothen Banassiri Syllas account of her experience undergoing female circumcision, also known as female genital mutilation (FGM), at the young age of eight in the ivory Coast. This disturbing description of her struggle makes it hard to understand why any culture could support such a practice. Yet, it is estimated that closely 132 gazillion women and girls in about thirty African countries have undergone the same, or at least similar, cultural procedure as Banassiri. According to the World Health Organization, about two million girls undergo female genital mutilation every year and the percentage of women circumcised is as high as ninety-eight percent in countries such as capital of Djibo uti . Despite its popularity in Africa, FGM is under scrutiny by members of the international human rights community. In 1993, female circumcision was deemed harmful by the international Human Rights Conference in Vienna . The World Health Organization, UNICEF, and the UN Population Fund have planned programs designed to completely eliminate female genital mutilation within three generations , on the home that FGM is a human rights violation. This gives rise to the obvious question as to whether human rights activists and organizations should be sensitive to the cultural practices of the people of Africa. Some human rights activists have even off professed FGM as a knock-down counterargument to cultural relativism, and use the practice as an example of how hum... ...ture of others. Works CitedDorkenoo, Efua and Scilla Elworthy. Female Genital Mutilation Proposals for Change. British depository library Cataloguing in Publication Data. (1992) 3-36. Female Genital Mutilation An Over view. World Health Organization Publications. Geneva 1998. Viewed 1 Dec. 2001. http//www.who.int/dsa/cat98/fgmbook.htm2.%20Prevalence%20and%20epidemiologyFluehr-Lobban, Carolyn. Cultural Relativism and Universal Rights. The Chronicle of Higher Education. June 1995. Viewed 1 Dec. 2001. http//www.cs.org/publications/featuredarticles/1998/fluerhlobban.htmReaves, Malik Stan. alternate Rite to Female Circumcision Spreading in Kenya. Africa News Service. Nov. 1997. Pp 1-3.Robinson, Simon. The Last Rites. Time Europe. Dec. 2001 Vol 158, No 23. 1 Dec. 2001. http//www.time.com/time/europe/af/magazine/0,9868,185799,00.html

eBay :: essays research papers

eBays Global CommunityAs I read through some of the discussion threads of eBay sellers, I recognise how technology has allowed us to form international community of consumers with established rules and regulations. Doing business through eBay still seems a little risky but the fact that the absolute majority of people still live ethically has allowed e-bay to succeed. Like in every society there are people that still try to circumvent the placement and exit try to calculate away with unethical activities. Through the discussion forum, eBay sellers have established an environment in which anyone can communicate the problems they have encountered and accept for advice for handling those situations. Sellers also have the option to offer suggestions on how to make the exchange process better. Some of the issues that I found interesting in reputation were how e-bay sellers handle non-paying bidders, feedback concerns, and international selling.The hot topic that I found in many d iscussion threads was the issue with non-paying bidders. This problem makes it difficult for sellers to continue selling with confidence and it also makes it hard for new sellers to start selling. Non-paying bidders also prevent honest bidders from actually purchasing the item. This also forces the seller to place the item on auction again, incur a re-listing fee, and they may not also get the high bid that they had the first time. It also causes retaliatory negative feedback from the non-buyer to the seller. The sellers have intercommunicate this issue by providing suggestions and answering each other questions. Some of the ways the seller community is handling the issue of non-paying bidders is by filing non-paying bidder alerts and FVFC(Final Value sinless Credits). Consensus from the seller community is that filing negative feedback is not sufficient because eBay does not suspend a non-paying bidder until their feedback number reaches about a negative three. However, if the se ller files the FVFC, E-bay will suspend the bidder if three sellers have filed on the same bidder. eBay also addressed this situation by conducting a shop class titled Reducing Unpaid Items. The workshop was conducted by the eBay staff and was opened to the entire seller community. I think that this type of format is very useful to eBay sellers, because it gives them the chance to voice their concerns directly to eBay and get immediate feedback as to what is being done to address those concerns.

Goethe & Vonnegut :: essays research papers

Powerful Emotion (3)Anyone who reads The Sorrows of Young Werther by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe instantly feels the emotional intensity portrayed by Werther, the protagonist. His speculations about lifetime are and so unique, especially in modern times when life often goes by quickly without notice. Perhaps that is one of the reasons why his immense emotion strikes a concord with readers as coming from someone crazy or dangerous. Werthers mental state seems incredibly alive at some times while plainly lifeless at others. This lifeless state of mind is similar to another sorrowful character in Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse Five. In his story of billy club Pilgrim, a similar wonder engulfs the reader, causing us to question the cause of both his mind format and of our own. These books bring a couple of interesting questions to mind How a good deal emotion is too much? How little is too little? These characters struggle with powerful emotion in many an(prenominal) ways, and are therefore judged as mad. The dickens protagonists engage in totally different journeys, but each of them leads the reader to discover the limits of human emotion. These limits are reached by Werther and Billy, therefore leading to both characters demise. In simple terms, I think that Billy Pilgrim in Slaughterhouse Five demonstrates the cessation of too little emotion, in contrast with Werther in The Sorrows of Young Werther demonstrating the extremity of too much emotion. Both of these characters live their lives in suffering because of this lack/surfeit of emotion. Id like to start my analysis off with the extraordinary style of Kurt Vonnegut and how he portrays his main character.Billy Pilgrim has mental problems. Too many to name, in fact. He has difficulty in almost every aspect of life because of these mental problems. Vonnegut has concocted an anti-war novel that blames Billys health (or lack thereof) on the trauma of being in a war, but poor Billy has many problems even b efore the war. He seems to be extremely emotionally detached from all aspects of life. Yes, he gets married and has children, but it seems to be portrayed as some sarcastic and unimportant. This is the danger of being unemotional in life. One of the strongest points proving Billys lack of emotion is when he is at war and essentially tries to set himself up for his enemy to shoot him (Vonnegut 29). The incident seems very ironic considering Vonneguts anti-war opinions, because he seems to want Billy to honor the fairness of war.

Epic of Gilgamesh :: essays research papers

The Change in GilgameshEver since the beginning of time, man has learned to mature by trials and tribulations. In the beginning of The heroical of Gilgamesh, the protagonist Gilgamesh appears to be an arrogant person who scarce cares about himself. He abuses all his powers and takes advantage of people with his physical abilities. Basically in the beginning he thinks that no one on earth is better than him. However, just like all epic poems, the protagonist encounters many challenges that make him a better person. So as the story progresses Gilgamesh slowly starts to change his personality. Various events help transform this tyrant to a humble person.In the beginning of the book, Gilgamesh appears to be selfish. Gilgameshs trust has no bounds by day or night (62). Even though he is created by the Gods to be perfect, he misuses his powers and gifts for his own earthly pleasure. He has sexual intercourse with all the virgins of his city even if they are already engaged. Through all Gilgameshs imperfections and faults, he learns to change his amoral personality. The friendship of Enkidu helped to change his ways, for only Enkidu, who is the strongest of wild creatures, (66) is a match for Gilgamesh. Through this companionship with Enkidu, Gilgamesh starts to realize his incapabilities and need for his friend. When they fight Humbaba, they both give moral support to each former(a) when the other is scared. A nonher event that changes Gilgameshs character is the death of Enkidu. When Enkidu dies, Gilgamesh goes through the suffering of losing a loved one. Gilgamesh experiences a pain, which no worldly pleasure can ease. By this experience Gilgamesh starts to understand his vulnerability toward death and pain. Losing his best friend causes Gilgamesh to be melancholic. At this point Gilgamesh is humbled by the fact that even he could not escape the wrath of death. Gilgamesh goes from this arrogant king to a lonely grieving person with fear of death in his heart.

Ethics in Business Decision Making Essay -- Business Ethics, Normative

The field of righteousity (or clean philosophy) involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior (Fieser, 2009). Many of the decisions one faces in a typical twenty-four hour period could result in a multitude of outcomes. At times it can be hard to determine whether or not the decision you be make is an ethical one. Many philosophies have been devised to illustrate the different ways of evaluating moral decisions. Normative ethics focuses on assessing right and wrong behavior. This may involve reinforcing cocksure degree habits, duties we should follow, or the consequences of our behavior (Fieser, 2009). Of the many normative philosophies two stand out to be most accepted teleology and deontology. Although they oppose each other in how actions are evaluated, they uphold many similar characteristics under the surface. Normative ethics involves either a single rule or a set of principles to evaluate moral conduct. Teleology stipulate s that acts are morally acceptable if they produce some desired result. Deontology on the other hand, focuses on the preservation of individual rights and on the intentions associated with a particular behavior. In summation, teleological philosophies consider the ends, or consequences, associated with an action whereas deontological philosophies consider the means (Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell, 2011). This is why teleology is commonly referred to as Consequentialism. In addition to the rule, deontology also cites individual absolute rights exemption of conscience, independence of consent, freedom of privacy, freedom of speech, and due process. Deontologist employ this set of freedoms because they believe certain rights should never be violated even if it is to produce a great good (Ferre... ...ord.edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/Encyclopedia Britannica. (2011). Retrieved 24 2011, 3, from Utilitarianism http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/620682/utilitarianism Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., & Ferrell, L. (2011). Business Ethics Ethical Decision qualification and Cases. Mason, Ohio South-Western Cengage Learning.Fieser, J. (2009, 5 10). Ethics. Retrieved 3 26, 2011, from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy http//www.iep.utm.edu/ethics/Frankena, W. K. (1963). Ethics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall.Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2003, 5 20). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 3 15, 2011, from Consequentialism http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/Taliaferro, C. (2010, 4 27). stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 3 11, 2011, from Philosophy of Religion http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/philosophy-religion/ Ethics in Business Decision Making Essay -- Business Ethics, NormativeThe field of ethics (or moral philosophy) involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior (Fieser, 2009). Many of the decisions one faces in a typical solar day could result in a multitude of o utcomes. At times it can be hard to determine whether or not the decision you are making is an ethical one. Many philosophies have been devised to illustrate the different ways of evaluating moral decisions. Normative ethics focuses on assessing right and wrong behavior. This may involve reinforcing positive habits, duties we should follow, or the consequences of our behavior (Fieser, 2009). Of the many normative philosophies two stand out to be most accepted teleology and deontology. Although they oppose each other in how actions are evaluated, they uphold many similar characteristics under the surface. Normative ethics involves either a single rule or a set of principles to evaluate moral conduct. Teleology stipulates that acts are morally acceptable if they produce some desired result. Deontology on the other hand, focuses on the preservation of individual rights and on the intentions associated with a particular behavior. In summation, teleological philosophies consider the en ds, or consequences, associated with an action whereas deontological philosophies consider the means (Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell, 2011). This is why teleology is commonly referred to as Consequentialism. In addition to the rule, deontology also cites individual absolute rights freedom of conscience, freedom of consent, freedom of privacy, freedom of speech, and due process. Deontologist employ this set of freedoms because they believe certain rights should never be violated even if it is to produce a great good (Ferre... ...ord.edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/Encyclopedia Britannica. (2011). Retrieved 24 2011, 3, from Utilitarianism http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/620682/utilitarianism Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., & Ferrell, L. (2011). Business Ethics Ethical Decision Making and Cases. Mason, Ohio South-Western Cengage Learning.Fieser, J. (2009, 5 10). Ethics. Retrieved 3 26, 2011, from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy http//www.iep.utm.edu/ethics/Frankena, W. K. (1963). Ethics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall.Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2003, 5 20). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 3 15, 2011, from Consequentialism http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/Taliaferro, C. (2010, 4 27). stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 3 11, 2011, from Philosophy of Religion http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/philosophy-religion/

Ethics in Business Decision Making Essay -- Business Ethics, Normative

The field of ethics (or moral philosophy) involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior (Fieser, 2009). Many of the decisivenesss one faces in a typical day could result in a multitude of outcomes. At times it can be hard to determine whether or not the conclusion you are making is an ethical one. Many philosophies have been devised to illustrate the different ways of evaluating moral decisions. Normative ethics focuses on assessing right and wrong behavior. This may involve reinforcing positive habits, duties we should follow, or the consequences of our behavior (Fieser, 2009). Of the many normative philosophies two stand out to be most accepted teleology and deontology. Although they oppose each different in how actions are evaluated, they uphold many similar characteristics under the surface. Normative ethics involves either a single rule or a caboodle of principles to evaluate moral conduct. Teleology stipulates that acts are mora lly acceptable if they put up some desired result. Deontology on the separate hand, focuses on the preservation of unmarried rights and on the intentions associated with a particular behavior. In summation, teleological philosophies consider the ends, or consequences, associated with an action whereas deontological philosophies consider the means (Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell, 2011). This is why teleology is commonly referred to as Consequentialism. In addition to the rule, deontology also cites soulfulness absolute rights freedom of conscience, freedom of consent, freedom of privacy, freedom of speech, and due process. Deontologist employ this adjust of freedoms because they believe certain rights should never be violated even if it is to progress to a greater good (Ferre... ...ord.edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/ encyclopedia Britannica. (2011). Retrieved 24 2011, 3, from Utilitarianism http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/620682/utilitarianism Ferrell, O. C., Frae drich, J., & Ferrell, L. (2011). pipeline Ethics Ethical Decision Making and Cases. Mason, Ohio South-Western Cengage Learning.Fieser, J. (2009, 5 10). Ethics. Retrieved 3 26, 2011, from Internet cyclopaedia of Philosophy http//www.iep.utm.edu/ethics/Frankena, W. K. (1963). Ethics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall.Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2003, 5 20). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 3 15, 2011, from Consequentialism http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/Taliaferro, C. (2010, 4 27). stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 3 11, 2011, from Philosophy of Religion http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/philosophy-religion/ Ethics in Business Decision Making Essay -- Business Ethics, NormativeThe field of ethics (or moral philosophy) involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior (Fieser, 2009). Many of the decisions one faces in a typical day could result in a multitude of outcomes. At times it can be hard to determine whether or not the decision you are making is an ethical one. Many philosophies have been devised to illustrate the different ways of evaluating moral decisions. Normative ethics focuses on assessing right and wrong behavior. This may involve reinforcing positive habits, duties we should follow, or the consequences of our behavior (Fieser, 2009). Of the many normative philosophies two stand out to be most accepted teleology and deontology. Although they oppose each other in how actions are evaluated, they uphold many similar characteristics under the surface. Normative ethics involves either a single rule or a set of principles to evaluate moral conduct. Teleology stipulates that acts are morally acceptable if they produce some desired result. Deontology on the other hand, focuses on the preservation of individual rights and on the intentions associated with a particular behavior. In summation, teleological philosophies consider the ends, or consequences, asso ciated with an action whereas deontological philosophies consider the means (Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell, 2011). This is why teleology is commonly referred to as Consequentialism. In addition to the rule, deontology also cites individual absolute rights freedom of conscience, freedom of consent, freedom of privacy, freedom of speech, and due process. Deontologist employ this set of freedoms because they believe certain rights should never be violated even if it is to produce a greater good (Ferre... ...ord.edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/Encyclopedia Britannica. (2011). Retrieved 24 2011, 3, from Utilitarianism http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/620682/utilitarianism Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., & Ferrell, L. (2011). Business Ethics Ethical Decision Making and Cases. Mason, Ohio South-Western Cengage Learning.Fieser, J. (2009, 5 10). Ethics. Retrieved 3 26, 2011, from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy http//www.iep.utm.edu/ethics/Frankena, W. K. (1963). Ethics. Engl ewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall.Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2003, 5 20). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 3 15, 2011, from Consequentialism http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/Taliaferro, C. (2010, 4 27). stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 3 11, 2011, from Philosophy of Religion http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/philosophy-religion/

Negative Effects of Tv on Family Life

Negative set up of TV The television has many tacks on family life and the individual, causing family bonds to unravel and the individual to become naive of their surroundings. The TV keeps unrivalled hooked for hours on end, causing family relationships to diminish and personal relationships to weaken. Not only does the TV seem to be a better alternative to conversations and interactions amongst whiz another, but it also helps to create a gap between the fictional world of TV and reality.Since the invention of the home television, it has become a crucial take leave in everyday household life. Children spend less time with family, because it is simply easier to sit down and be entertained by the TV. The time spent nigh to it the TV exceeds the amount of time spent together with any other family member. (Wattermann) Watching TV has a major effect on the way a peasant communicates with other family members and friends, distancing them from real-world situations and problems. P atomic number 18nts spend long hours working and want an effective suppressant for their children. Contemporary p arents work a lot, but when they come back home they are not eager to spend time with their child (Wattermann) Even adults fall into the attraction of taking themselves out of their childs life, in order to relax or illuminate the free time they long desire. The effect the TV has on the family has been electronegative in comparison to the original intention of bringing the TV into the home, back in the 1940s. The depiction of the family watching TV together has changed, and now with multiply TVs present in a home, the separation and disfunction of the family has increased.TV also has a negative effect on the individual, because it takes away from potential relationships and also promotes bad behavior and aggressions as seen on violent television shows. What is being watched on television has the potential to influencing negative behavior, within the child or even adu lt. In an article from the AAP or the Ameri nookie Association of Pediatrics, it was noted that, Extensive research evidence indicates that media violence can contribute to aggressive behavior, desensitization to violence, nightmares, and fear of being harmed. (Pediatrics Vol. 108 No. ) The violence seen on TV, can lead to violent acts later on. Individuals are affected by what they see on TV and can be influenced by the suggestive nature that is described in almost every TV program. Even in G-rated, animated movies and DVDs, violence is common (Boyse, RN). The TV violence has an effect on multitude and children of all ages, and even though some programs are educational and in force(p) for the development and growth of the child, there are so many other programs going on at the same time that contradict the idea of good TV. Television watching also has a major impact on the self-image one has of themself.The TV paints a false image of what the normal and accredited person should look like. The person watching, therefore gets sucked into the mindset that they have to be like the well-toned models seen on tv, this creates many different problems. Insecurities within the individual flourish and they are constantly bombarded with images of how they should be, in order to fit into todays society. While watching constant images of healthy women and men makes some people immediately parachuting off the couch and start their cardio routine some sit back and envy what they simply will never have.Ironically, this leads to eating disorders and obesity. People, who spend hours and hours in apparent movement of the TV sets, are under very high risk of becoming overweight and obese. (API Heathline) Either way, false advertisement of the way someone should be comprehend has a negative effect on the viewer. In general, the content on TV impacts who were are and who we want to become in order to fit into society. another(prenominal) factor involved in television watchi ng, is the amount and the persistence of commercials.Commercials make up a majority of television air time, trying to influence people to spend time and resources on products and new inventions that will make you better fit into society. For example, food commercials are constantly influencing people to make new recipes or to go to the newest most delicious restaurant in town. Other commercials such as the shopping channel become appealing to the older audience who are alone and constantly craving new things. This leads to hording and other disorders, including the addiction of television watching in itself.Commercials and news articles also persuade people in call of politics, economic issues, and social influences therefore inducting the one-way nature of the viewers. If people constantly go to the TV for current updates on news and other current events whence it deters the need to communicate with one another and create the social relationships needed to have a cohesive balance in life. Another problem that arises with TV is the effect it has on one psychologically. Kids spend many hours in front of the TV, especially over long periods of isolation. Some adults can argue that the constant atching of television is the beginning of a new age of addiction. Studies about negative effects of television addiction show the TV addicts people through its tranquilizing blunt affect, causing them to relax, become drowsy, and then desire to watch more TV. (Parenting-Healthy-Children) Watching TV seems to have the same effects that habit- forming narcotics have on the individual. When watching hours upon hours of TV, one is quickly relaxed and put into a state of obliviousness to the outside world, therefore having similar effects of mind altering drugs.TV watching has many effects on the viewer and can lead to many social and personal problems. Family relationships, individual self- consciousness, and violent/ inappropriate subject matter all lead to the conclusion that excessively much television can be harmful to our society. TV is readily available to every one of all ages, and the majority of the material is geared toward a more mature audience. Over time, TV has changed dramatically from mostly family-oriented TV programs to programs geared to different age groups, in order to attract different audiences. Children and TV The Negative Effects of Television. Children and TV The Negative Effects of Television. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. Media Violence. Media Violence. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. Bad Effects Of Watching Too Much TV Academic Programs transnational a Health Line. Academic Programs International Health Line Bad Effects Of Watching Too Much TV Comments. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. The Negative Effects of Television Addiction and Computer Addiction. The Negative Effects of TelevisionAddiction and Computer Addiction. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013.

World Wide Fund for Nature

There be well over five thousand endangered species on Earth and domain are the cause of it. Many animals are suffering and several hundred are already extinct. Many of the most beautiful creatures are now evanescent. People are also causing the destruction of the environment, which is home to millions of animals worldwide. Through poaching and obliteration of nature, humans have managed to diminish the very place they call home. There are charities such as the World Wide entrepot for Nature with the motive to halt and reverse the annihilation of the environment.The international organization World Wide Fund for Nature works on issues regarding conservation, research, and restoration of the environment. The WWF was formed on April 26, 1961, when a small group of passionate individuals had the idea of building a future where humans live in harmony with nature. Their mission was to preserve the orbiters resources, reduce pollution, and conserve the worlds life diversity. The WWFs original summons was World Wildlife Fund and was later changed to World Wide Fund for Nature.The panda has become the logo for WWF because it was an endangered species and served as a strong recognizable symbolism that was adored by many people in the world for its appealing characteristics. Originally, their aim was to protect the wildlife species and habitat. Today, organization has grown to repopulating several different species worldwide and seeks to didactically educate people on how to have a more ecologically friendly lifestyle.The World Wide Fund for Nature is the worlds steer environmental conservation organization with a global reach of one hundred different countries. They help protect endangered animals and their habitats. The WWF does this by collaborating with businesses, governments, local communities, and otherwise organizations to secure funds and ensure the safety of wildlife. They focus on the underlying causes of environmental deterioration.The entire plane t depends on organizations such as this, and without it, the nature life history on it would continue to be whittled down by apathetic people until it is too late. Humans will soon become their own nemesis, unless they show round solicitude, and be a partisan in restoring the planet. The WWF, with over one million members in the United States and nearly five million worldwide, is one of the most impactful kind-hearted organizations in history. The WWF gives hope to the future of the environment and fixes the problems that previous generations have caused.Because of this organization, the earths environments status has drastically improved. They are bringing digest the serene environment, and shielding the forlorn animals that inhabit it. The World Wide Fund for Nature is a very impactful charitable organization that aids in restoring the planets environment and saves the lives of animals that are in need. The international organization World Wide Fund for Nature works on issues regarding conservation, research, and restoration of the environment.

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and Contribution Margin

Escareno Corporation has provided its share format income statement for June. The company produces and sells a single product. sales (8,400 units) ($) 764,400 Variable expenses ($) 445,200 Contribution margin ($) 319,200 unbending expenses ($) 250,900 Net operating income ($) 68,300 If the company sells 8,200 units, its total contribution margin should be closest to Merchandise with a gross sales price of $500 is sold on account with term 2/10, n/30.The journal entry to record the sale would include a Davison Company has fixed costs of $ 315,000 and a contribution margin ratio of 34%. If sales are expected to be $1,500,000, what is the margin of safety percent? E. (114 points) The Beer toxin is composed of two subunits, bump and Pong . The toxin binds to the Springbreak sensory receptor on the plasma membrane of pancreatic cells and enters the cell via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Once the toxin-receptor complex reaches the early endosome, Ping , Pong , and Springbreak disso ciate from one another.Ping exits the early endosomes and enters the cytosol whereas Springbreak is targeted to the lysosomes for degradation. Although Ping alone can interact with Springbreak , its cytosolic targeting requires the presence of The vice-president of marketing and the director of human resources have developed a proposal whereby the company would compensate the sales sales force on a strictly commission basis using 20% of net sales. Given the improverd incentive, they expect net sales to increase by 15%.As a result, they estimate that gross profit will increase by $53,061 and operating expenses by $88,322. Compute the expected sore net income. (Hint You do not need to prepare an income statement). A trial balance before adjustments included the following Debit Credit Sales $425,000 Sales returns and allowance $14,000 Accounts receivable 43,000 Allowance for doubtful accounts 760 If the estimate of uncollectibles is made by taking ten percent of gross account receiva bles, the amount of the adjustment is $3,540. 4,224. $5,060. $4,300. of late Asked Questions A substance, X, has the following properties. (Size of mass is 250. g. ) Specific Heat Capacities Hvap 20. kJ/mol C(s) 3. 0 J/g C Hfus 5. 0 kJ/mol C(l) 2. 5 J/g C bp 75 C C(g) 1. 0 J/g C mp -15 C Calculate the energy that must be removed to diversify substance X from a gas at 113 C to a solid -54. 2 C. Assume X has a molar mass of 75. 0 g/mol. A doctor has applied for a patent on new technology, involving the use of advanced computers to create a new type of organism. mavin goal is to genetically alter these organisms for use in human organ growth and transplant. The doctor says that, if she is not granted a patent, she will continue her research. preserve a 1,750- to 2,800-word paper, addressing the scenario. Address the following questions in your paper o Should the doctor s activity be considered a violation of the law, a deviant act, or neither? o If this activity is a violation of th e law

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 14

I Can Share Raisin BranOn the drive home from Cliffs office I deal my mom if she thinks asking Tiffany on a date is the best way to get rid of her once and for all, and Mom cites, You shouldnt be trying to get rid of anyone. You claim friends, Pat. Everyone does.I dont say anything in response. Im afraid Mom is rooting for me to fall in love with Tiffany, because whenever she calls Tiffany my friend, she says the word with a smile on her face and a hopeful vista in her eye, which twainers me tremendously because Mom is the only person in my family who does not hate Nikki. Also, I know Mom looks issue the window when I go on my runs, because she volition tease me, saying I see your friend showed up again when I return from a jog.Mom pulls into the driveway, shuts off the car engine, and says, I can loan you money should you ever want to take your friend to dinner, and again, the way she says friend makes me feel tingly in a bad way. I say nothing in response, and my mother does the strangest thing she giggles.I finish my weight training for the day and put on a trash bag, and as I begin stretching on the front lawn, I see that Tiffany is jogging up and down the length of my parents block, waiting for me to begin running. I tell myself to ask her out to dinner so I can end this madness and get back to being alone on my runs, but instead I simply start running, and Tiffany follows.I go past the high school, down Collings Avenue to the Black Horse Pike, make a left and because other left into Oaklyn, run down Kendall Boulevard to the Oaklyn Public School, up past the Manor Bar to the White Horse Pike, make a right and then(prenominal) a left onto Cuthbert, and I run into Westmont. When I get to the Crystal Lake Diner, I turn and jog in identify. Tiffany jogs in place and stares at her feet.Hey, I say to her. You want to fox dinner with me at this diner?Tonight? she says without looking up at me.Yeah.What time?We have to walk of life here because Im no t allowed to drive.What time?Ill be in front of your house at seven-thirty.Next, the most amazing thing happens Tiffany simply jogs away from me, and I cannot believe I eventually got her to leave me alone. I am so happy I alter my route and run at least fifteen miles instead of ten, and when the sun sets, the clouds in the west are all lined with electricity, which I know is a good omen.At home, I tell my mother I need both(prenominal) money so I can take Tiffany out to dinner. My mother tries to hide her smile as she retrieves her purse from the kitchen table. Where are you taking her?The Crystal Lake Diner.You shouldnt need more than forty dollars then, right?I guess.Itll be on the counter when you come down.I shower, apply underarm deodorant, use my fathers cologne, and put on my khakis and the bleak green button-down shirt Mom bought me at the Gap just yesterday. For some reason, my mother is systematically buying an entire wardrobe for me and every while is from the Gap. When I go downstairs, my mom tells me I need to tuck in my shirt and wear a belt.Why? I ask, because I do not really care if I look respectable or not. I only want to get rid of Tiffany once and for all.But when Mom says, Please, I remember that I am trying to be kind instead of right and I also owe Mom because she rescued me from the bad place so I go upstairs and put on the brown leather belt she purchased for me earlier in the week.Mom comes into my room with a raiment box and says, Put on some dress socks and try these on. I open the box, and these swanky-looking brown leather loafers are inside. Jake said these are what men your shape up wear casually, Mom says. When I slip the loafers on and look in the mirror, I see how thin my waistline appears, and I think I look almost as swanky as my little brother. With forty bucks in my pocket, I walk across Knights Park to Tiffanys parents house. She is outside, waiting for me on the sidewalk, but I see her mother peeking out the w indow. Mrs. Webster ducks behind the blinds when we make eye contact. Tiffany does not say hello, but begins walking before I can stop. She is wearing a pink knee-length skirt and a black summer sweater. Her platform sandals make her look taller, and her hair is sort of puffed out around the ears, abatement down to her shoulders. Her eyeliner is a little heavy, and her lips are so pink, but I have to admit she looks considerable, which I tell her, saying, Wow, you look really nice tonight.I corresponding your shoes, she says in response, and then we walk for thirty minutes without saying another word.We get a booth at the diner, and the server gives us provide of water. Tiffany orders tea, and I say that water is fine for me. As I read the menu, I worry that I wont have enough money, which is silly, I know, because I have two twenties on me and most of the entrees are under ten bucks, but I do not know what Tiffany will order, and maybe she will want dessert, and then theres the utmost.Nikki taught me to all overtip she says workes work too hard for such a little bit of money. Nikki knows this because she was a waitress all through college when we were at La Salle so I always overtip when I go out to eat now, just to make up for the times in the past when I fought with Nikki over a few dollars, saying fifteen percent was more than enough, because no one tipped me regardless of whether I did my job well or not. in a flash I am a believer in overtipping, because I am practicing being kind rather than right and as I am instruction the diner menu, I think, What if I do not have enough money left over for a generous tip?I am worrisome about all of this so often that I must have missed Tiffanys order, because suddenly the waitress is saying, Sir?When I put my menu down, both Tiffany and the waitress are staring at me, as if they are concerned. So I say, Raisin bran, because I remember reading that cereal is only $2.25.Milk?How much is milk?Seventy-five cents.I figure I can afford it, so I say, Please, and then hand my menu back to the waitress.Thats it?I nod, and the waitress sighs audibly before leaving us alone.What did you order? I didnt catch it, I say to Tiffany, trying to sound polite but secretly worrying that I will not have enough money left over for a good tip.Just tea, she says, and then we both look out the window at the cars in the parking lot.When the raisin bran comes, I open the little single-serving box and pour the cereal into the bowl the diner provides free of charge. The milk comes in a miniature pitcher I pour it over the brown flakes and sugared raisins. I push the bowl to the middle of the table and ask Tiffany if she would like to help me eat the cereal. Are you sure? she says, and when I nod, she picks up her spoon and we eat.When we get the bill, it is for $4.59. I hand our waitress the two twenties, and the char laughs, shakes her head, and says, Change? When I say, No, thank you thinking Nikki would want me to overtip the waitress says to Tiffany, Honey, I had him all wrong. You two come back real soon. Okay? And I can tell the woman is satisfied with her tip because she sort of skips her way to the register.Tiffany doesnt say anything on the walk home, so I dont either. When we get to her house, I tell her I had a great time. Thanks, I say, and then offer a handshake, just so Tiffany will not get the wrong idea.She looks at my hand and then up at me, but she doesnt shake. For a second I think she is going to start crying again, but instead she says, Remember when I said you could fuck me?I nod slowly because I wish I did not remember it so vividly.I dont want you to fuck me, Pat. Okay?Okay, I say.She walks around her parents house, and then I am alone again.When I arrive home, my mom excitedly asks me what we had for dinner, and when I tell her raisin bran, she laughs and says, Really, what did you have? I ignore her, go to my room, and lock the door. manufacturing down on m y bed, I pick up the picture of Nikki and tell her all about my date and how I gave the waitress a nice tip and how sad Tiffany seems and how much I cant wait for apart time to end so Nikki and I can share raisin bran at some diner and walk through the cool early September air and then I am crying again.I bury my face and sob into my pillow so my parents will not hear.

Wellness Perspectives Of Obesity Health And Social Care Essay

It has been observed that those with proud abdominal splanchnic adiposeness or huge sums of splanchnic adiposeness in general ( fleshiness ) be at increased bet on for the metabolic syndrome. This is due to effects of inordinate fat shops on the vasculature and on endothelial map. Per Bjorntorp offered cubic yard to back up that hormonal instabilities, specifically of hydrocortisone and sex endocrines, ar of import in the pathogenesis of insulin opposition, which is besides a lending factor to increased hazard for the syndrome. Genetics plays an implicit in function in the forecast of the metabolic syndrome, every bit good.Restrictions of utilizing the metabolic syndrome in clinical scenes as a diagnostic tool include concluding much(prenominal) that it s non clearly understood which individual or combination of status ( s ) chance upond above ( ATP3 diagnostic standards ) really argon responsible for increasing hazard or doing either cardiovascular or metabolic upsets in the long tally, and the fact that the arbitrary count on ( 3 ) of conditions met measure up a patient for holding the syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is besides a gray country in foretelling wellness sequel due to the manner wellness professionals approach discourse some tackle one status at a clip period differents prescribe a general life style intercession.The metabolic syndrome has evolved into its name from Syndrome X over the old ages Syndrome X addressed a bunch of symptoms associated with insulin opposition and when cardiovascular abnormalcies were added to the canvass the name changed to the metabolic syndrome . There is a disagreement as to whether or non the construct metabolic syndrome should be dismissed, due to the obscure nature of its being as neither a true disease nor a true syndrome.2. Describe why the metabolic syndrome is sometimes depicted as a syrupy rhythm. ( 10 points )We live in a society where sedentary life styles are common and nutrient is aple nty, 2 factors that addition likeliness for positive energy balance. When ancestral sciences and constructs like the thrifty cistron theory are factored into the equation the likeliness for weight addition is raised plain more. Once an single becomes obese they are at hazard for certain features that represent the metabolic syndrome or all of them harmonizing to ATP3 guidelines. They besides whitethorn meet some of the emotional effects of being overweight, such as depression or deficiency of ego esteem both can potentially originate and fuel nerve-racking feeding and take to further weight addition and wellness complications. This cycling mentioned so far is merely in footings of weight, which sets the phase for farther jobs in association with the metabolic syndrome.At the cellular degree, one thing tends to engender another, whether it s an aggravation of one factor or the induction of a different 1. For illustration, as insulin opposition is brought on by hapless diete tic and exercising wonts ( but particularly the self-contradictory free fatso acid flux associated with fleshiness 2 ) , it causes greater insulin opposition. Besides, insulin being a ontogenesis factor that can advance adipogenesis has the possible to heighten labor of ectopic fat in its ability to heighten lipoprotein lipase ( LPL ) activity and suppress hormone-sensitive lipase ( HSL ) activity. This ( over ) production causes inflammatory markers to be called upon to assist relieve the res publica of affairs, and their presence in and of itself serves to decline insulin opposition.Girod et al 20032 explains this rhythm in great item in a superb article. The diagram below was taken from the article and depicts the rhythm s chief flow and major points.3. Define weight cycling. Discuss the grounds most weight cycling being risky to wellness. ( 10 points )Weight cycling is insistent weight privation and recover over clip. It is besides referred to as yo-yo dieting, and i s ordinarily measured by how many witting dieting efforts an person has made. Cycling is in regulation with Elfhag s belief that losing weight and maintaining it off is highly hard. 3 She and several others stand steadfastly behind the impression that weight care is disputing. Despite the increased prevalence of weight cycling and the increasing figure of rhythms carried go forth per individual, diet crazes and weight loss plans are at full steam with new constructs and advanced merchandises being placed on the market continually.Though the mechanisms are non good understood weight cycling appears to hold an association with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. 4 , 5 There are several factors that may turn to this job. It may hold to make with the evident exchangeations in organic structure composing related to loss and regain those who regain tend to recover mass in the signifier different types of fat chiefly splanchnic fat and it appears to roll up mostly ab out the middle of the organic structure. 6 Two specific factors are at drama here for increased hazard for cardiovascular issues, one is the high sum of splanchnic fat and the 2nd is the accretion of this fat around the center, increasing waist perimeter. Both of these are besides mostly involved with the oncoming of insulin opposition, another reported complication of weight cycling. 7 The addition in cardiovascular mortality may besides be a consequence of the changeless fluctuation of certain markers that affect endothelial map, which include blood pinch per unit area, serum glucose and serum lipoids ( lessenings in HDL are associated with weight cycling 8 ) . 9 Kidney map is besides affected during cycling by a fluctuating glomerular filtration rate. 10 One more factor is the pronounced alterations in sympathetic nervous system activity during the restriction/overfeeding cycling, which significantly displease blood force per unit area and bosom map and finally impacts overall cardiac burden.To farther support that weight cycling is risky , Hooper et Al observed pronounced additions in appetite-stimulating endocrine profiles ( increased ghrelin, lower glucose, and lower androgen degrees, specifically ) in postmenopausal adult females who reported a account statement of repeated turns of weight cycling 11 this would increase the likeliness for weight regain.It has besides been reported that weight cycling is associated with an increased prevalence of eating disorders/disordered feeding, lift breaks, malignant neoplastic diseases, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and psychological upsets.4. Define and depict what is meant by degenerative strain. ( 10 points )Chronic emphasis is continual exposure to certain stimulations that elevates and maintains a degree of allostatic activity in the organic structure. Chronic emphasis can originate from a figure of state of affairss, whether environmental or essential. The stress response refers to the mann er the organic structure reacts under emphasis, and it depends on the strength and continuance of the abuse. When an person is under chronic emphasis, the allostasis involves alterations in energy flow which affects several factors such as appetency, energy storage mechanisms and alimentary use. Stress endocrines such as hydrocortisone, corticotropin-releasing endocrine ( CRH ) , epinephrine and norepinephrine are released in effort to restart stableness in a fight-or-flight- or defeat reaction-type state of affairs that has been imposed on the organic structure, via either the hypothalamic pituitary suprarenal gland ( HPA ) axis or the sympathetic-adrenomedullary ( SAM ) system. Chronic emphasis has been linked to increased hazard for going corpulence or corpulent.5. Describe how chronic emphasis it is related to splanchnic fleshiness and clinical manifestations of the metabolic syndrome. Define and depict the part of the SNS system, the HPA axis, and wellness behaviours on splanch nic fleshiness and metabolic syndrome. ( 30 points ) .The HPA axis is a cardinal control hub of the emphasis response cascade, located in the hypothalamus and mental capacity root, and regulated by CRH. It runs on a feedback system, in which stimulative endocrine is secreted from the anterior hypophysis and Acts of the Apostless on the adrenal cerebral mantle to excite cortisol secernment in bend hydrocortisone studies back to the encephalon to close off production of more hydrocortisone. The SAM trains in concurrence with the HPA axis to run the emphasis response and is located in the locale ceruleus on the Ponss though it is typically called upon in state of affairss where the emphasis abuse is non perceived as overly-threatening.During the response to chronic emphasis, the presence of adrenaline serves to close dump digestive procedures and diverts all attending to the sympathetic activity in an effort to supply the organic structure with the ability to get by with the emp hasis. Cortisol release, merely is associated with eating and increased feelings of hungriness. Chronic elevated hydrocortisone degrees is besides know to do splanchnic fat accretion and deposition a good known factor of fleshiness and the metabolic syndrome. Adipose tissue particularly intra-abdominal contains more glucocorticoid ( hydrocortisone ) receptors, which finally yields greater glucocorticoid metamorphosis in the abdominal country compared to other parts. Within splanchnic adipose tissue, in the presence of insulin the hydrocortisone serves to forestall lipid mobilisation for usage and supports fat accretion alternatively, in either of two ways one, through stimulation of lipoprotein lipase activity or two, through the repressive effects hydrocortisone has on growing endocrine, which promotes lypolitic activty when permitted to work freely. Cortisol besides suppresses the uptake and usage of glucose in musculus tissue, and at the same time promotes the dislocation of protein in an attempt to originate gluconeogenesis in the liver.Epinephrine and noradrenaline are acquire and processed by sympathomimetic receptors. Two types of receptors exist, alpha and beta. Alpha receptors initiate a cascade consequence to let go of free fatty acids, while beta receptors inhibit this cascade and hence the release of free fatty acids and alternatively advance fatty venomous storage. When free fatso acids are released into the gate system, unless they are used right off ( i.e. , to back up energy demands of physical activity ) they remain in circulation and it can be risky to liverwort metamorphosis and insulin sensitiveness. Both of these complications are markers associated with the metabolic syndrome.The presence of hydrocortisone stimulates hunger which can take to nerve-racking feeding and, accordingly, weight addition particularly in the signifier of splanchnic adipose via mechanisms mentioned above. The more hydrocortisones released in response to emphasize the higher the inclination to eat more of calorically heavy nutrients. There is grounds to name that consumption may be affected by neuropeptide Y, CRH and leptin every bit good as opioid and endocannabinoid signaling in concurrence hydrocortisone activity. 12 In footings of the a priori account of reward-based feeding, cognitive restraint of indulging in a peculiar nutrient outputs a signifier of emphasis that increases hydrocortisone concentrations which impact NPY, insulin and leptin degrees hunger work stoppages hard while the wages tracts are initiated and while the individual gives in and devour the point the circulating endocrines and hydrocortisone act to heighten fatty acerb storage in the signifier of splanchnic adipose and supress insulin sensitiveness. Currently-overweight females and those with a history of high dietetic restraint are most likely to digest this destiny. recurrent Acts of the Apostless of this step will finally take to increased hazard for weight addition and farther, the metabolic syndrome.6. Using the Obesity Atlas and/or other resources, describe and compare the function and influences of biology/genetics, physical activity behavior/ eating behaviour and environment on the etiology of fleshiness. Which of these facets has the strongest impact? Why? Which of these may be the most promising to prosecute for bar or intervention of fleshiness. Why? ( 30 )The etiology of fleshiness can non be represented by any one individual factor alternatively there are a battalion of influences on energy balance and weight fluctuations that are really mostly grouped into biological science and genetic sciences, physical activity/inactivity, dietetic wonts, and the psychosocial influences from the envrionment. While physiology and familial make-up are the strongest forecasters of phenotype, they are about impossible to alter after creative activity of a human being. On the other manus, the physical universe around us and our concs ious daily determinations are extremely dynamic, and therefore these are the 1s that should be targeted for intercession and intervention.There is grounds to back up that genetic sciences work in concurrence with the environment to lend to obesity on a planetary degree. Research has shown there are specific internal biological and physiological procedures that can be influenced by heritable traits one such illustration set Forth is the thrifty cistron hypothesis ( Neel, 1961 ) with which it was proposed that the organic structure can be predisposed for extremely efficient food salt away awaying mechanisms, therefore seting them at a disadvantage for increased hazard of weight addition compared to the non-thrifty-gene-carrying population. Another illustration is the set point theory ( Bennet et al, 1982 ) , which entails that an internal control system dictates and regulates how much fat a individual carries throughout their life-time. Geneticss have besides been linked to weight l oss as good throw together et Al, 2006 found that certain SNPs in the ADIPOQ cistron ( influences alterations in go arounding adiponectin degrees ) can find how good, or ill, one responds to dietary & amp exercising intercessions. Mager et Al, 2008 observed mutants in the ghrelin receptor cistron which were associated with fleshiness and glucose metamorphosis in people with impaired glucose tolerance, and found that specific SNPs in this cistron besides influenced how one responds to burden loss intercessions.However, good beyond the negligible sum of research behind the familial part to fleshiness is the other, good established offender the external environment in which we live and its afloat pool of abuses. The society we are constructing around us begets eternal options and short cuts 1s that were non available in the times of our early ascendants therefore, they are non bestow to proper direction of our organic structures the manner nature intended. The grounds is all aro und us, from McDonalds Dollar Menu to the Dollar Store and from wireless cyberspace to Segway scooters it s all about money and ease these yearss. And so to prod us while we re down after lading up on cheap, high fat nutrient we have the amusement industry, which has drawn voluminous sums of attending to an overdone image of the perfect organic structure over the old ages, qualification this mute criterion of and spliting line between how we should and should nt look. Now the sudden rush in diet and weight loss pills, plans and regimens has left us in even more of a dither, scared to look one manner or the other in fright of being stared at, smirked at, laughed at, judged or ridiculed for the manner we appear on the exterior. So we stagger on, and our caputs down and custodies in the bowl of comfort.emphasis could neer be the exclusive cause of and be an effectual mark for intercession and intervention for the rise in fleshiness. There are merely excessively many extra confoundi ng factors genetic sciences and hapless dietetic and exercising wonts are the major wrongdoers. The construction of American society is by no agencies conducive to easy, healthy life, with widespread economical instability and far, far excessively many cutoff options. You re stressed at work so you mindless make for the tremendous bowl of Halloween confect in the common country you are short on hard currency so you head into McDonalds for their dollar bill of fare choice you do nt experience like walking the stat mi to work so you get into your auto or hop on the coach.

Children and Prejudice Essay

Abstract Over the last century, searchers establish been debating whether diagonals argon inborn in nestlingren, researchers then found that children ar in detail prejudiced, simply debate arises about how they become prejudiced. Some studies suggested that children are born with being prejudiced and that it is innate and natural, where as divergent(a) studies solicit that prejudice carri progress are learnt cordially collide with rise ups, family, peers and the social environment in which they grew up in.Theories have been devised to help explain the prejudice processes of children by in-group and out-group behavior thither is the Developmental Intergroup surmisal and the Social indistinguishability Developmental guess. A new debate has been surfacing about the decrease of prejudice at the long time of seven and no decrease of prejudice. One Australian study shows consistency with children of Ameri stooge and Canada, but some studies show no racial prejudice towar ds opposite races in children. Children and Prejudice.Question of whether children are prejudiced has long been debated. Past and recent researches have found that on that point are in fact prejudice escapeencies in children and that it can be present at the age of cardinal to four years, but it is unclear how children become prejudiced. Definition of prejudice harmonize to Allport (1954) is that prejudice is thought process ill of others without sufficient warrant (As cited in Eagly, xxxx, p. 45) and according to Kosslyn and Rosenberg (2004) prejudice is an attitude (generally negative) toward members of a group (p.G-7).In the course of research on the prejudice of children, there has been debate over the relative role of cognition versus environmental-learning factors (Gutman & Hickson, 1996, p. 448). Several theories have tried to explain the prejudice in children, for example, the Developmental Intergroup opening (Bigler & Liben, 1996) and the Social Identity Development T heory (Nesdale, Durkin, Maass & Griffiths, 2005). Several cadencys have been used to measure racial attitudes of children towards other races such as the Preschool racial Attitudes Measure and the Multiresponse Racial Attitude measure (Aboud, 2003).Less then half a century ago, some social theorists believed that prejudice are inborn in people and that it is inherent and instinctive, it was considered natural to not like people who differ physically and like people who are the similar to one self but research in the last three decades they have discarded those theories. Researchers are now convinced that children are prejudiced by learning it socially, children observe, and are influenced by the existence of patterns in the culture in which they live (Clark, 1955, p.17).This being that, children believed not to be born with tendencies to be prejudiced but learn it socially by how they live. ordered with Clark, Bigler and Liben (2007), believes that young children are oftentimes se en as being unaffected by the negative biases of adults, but many studies show that prejudice exist by the age of four years old. Allport (1958) states that children skip over to notice physical characteristics that mark a racial group membership.Like researches above, findings of Kowalskis (2003) research, they have found that children as young as preschoolers start to have negative attitudes to other racial/out groups, they have a tendency to say positive statements about same race and negative statements about other races (Aboud, 1987 Aboud & Sherry, 1984, as cited in Kowalski, 2003). Until quite recently, there were differences of opinion concerning the age at which children start to develop and elicit racial prejudices.According to a recent research of white kindergarten children and African-American children, they show a preference for skin color. These children were asked a few questions and they showed a great awareness of skin color, this finding supports the idea that racial awareness is present as young as the age of three (Clark,1970). Some children as young as three years if age begins to express begin to express racial and religious attitudes similar to those held by adults in their society.The racial and religious attitudes of sixth-graders are barely different from the attitudes of high-school students. There is general obligation that children can be prejudiced, but what factors there is, is unclear. It is debated between environmental-learning and cognition discipline. Research on cognition development tries explaining prejudice at different ages of cognitive development and the Environmental-learning explains that children and discrimination is not rooted in the child but it is learnt through a social context.According to Allport (1988), children are prejudiced because children filter and distort environmental input, this means children are prejudiced due to the lack of cognitive capacity at a certain age and that children have immatur e thoughts (As cited in Gutman & Hickson, 1996, p. 448). From the Social/ Environmental Learning theory perspective, racial ideas of children are not concrete, more easily changed, than racial ideas of adults. It is probable too, that racial attitudes and behavior are learnt sullen adults.The racial and religious attitudes of a young child may become more positive or more negative as he/she matures, according to the social environment of the child. The direction these attitudes will take form of expression, will be determined by the image of experiences that the child has grown up in (Clark, 1970). In line with Clark (1970), some researchers suggest that children self identify with parents and learn off them (Sinclair, Dun & Lowery, 2004).Social Learning Theory argues that children develop beliefs and behaviors by mimicking off an important model in their life, usually family and peers (Bandura, 1997, as cited in Sinclair, Dunn & Lowery, 2004). Likewise, attachment theory suggests that children internalize their parents expectations. Sinclair et al (2004) research provided evidence that parents racial attitudes does in fact influence both their childrens unverbalised and univocal racial prejudice, to a fault their results suggest that children that identify with parents adopt the racial attitudes of their parents more on an implicit than explicit level.In fact parents implicit racial attitudes may have a bigger influence on children than their explicit racial attitudes because parents are unaware of implicit biases, it is unconscious and therefore, unable to consciously stop themselves from showing prejudice attitudes. This research also suggests that, parents racial attitudes may be particularly influential premature in childhood, but peers and other form of social environmental attitudes can influence children more as they get older. Some researchers suggest that the influence of environmental-learning factors, in improver to cognitive factors, be give n more serious research consideration.This would mean, for example, taking into account the fact that on the basis of their differing exposure to group information, children form different schemata (cognitive structures containing information about groups e. g. , Bem, 1981). According to Bergen ( ) family affects the development of prejudice in children through modeling, which children observes and imitates important role models, Children around seven to nine years of age can show prejudice behavior without a model, and where as younger children do not understand rules, there fore they look at adult models (Bergen,), also when children adopt their parents prejudices they emotionally emerge with their parents likes and dislikes.Bergen ( ) concluded that a prejudiced child goes through several stages, such as, fear of strangers, racial awareness, identification with in-group, identification with parents emotion and total rejections of out-group, and seen later on this is similar to th e Social Identity Developmental Theory phases.Researchers believe that the Social Learning Theory is weakening researchers are now turning to the basic cognitive processes of a childs prejudice behavior (Aboud & Sherry, 1984 Bigler &Liben, 1993). Also, Bigler and Liben (2007) suggest that Social Learning theory does not explain prejudice in children, Social Learning Theory is stating that human behavior is not innate but learnt through important/ give up models (Vaughan & Hogg, 2008) . A group norm study used the Social identity-developmental theory, which has four phases.The first one is undifferentiated (two to three years of age) followed by ethnic awareness (ethnic awareness begins at three years old off labeling from parents), and then ethnic preference (the child learns that he or she is apart of a social group) and then ethnic prejudice (children around the age of seven has crystallized attitudes towards certain races, but other research suggest that at this age prejudice de creases) (Nesdale et al, 2005 Nesdale, 2004).In this research, the findings were ordered with the Social Identity-Developmental Theory Childrens prejudice phases, they found that seven year old biases of out-groups are different to those of a younger age and is more stable Nesdale et al (2005) suggests that children at this age should be a the concrete operational stage, which allows them to have more stable thinking and crystallized. Prejudices towards certain type of people are not known why, children only notice certain cues, for example, gender rather then a handicapped person.Research indicates that young children tend to focus on perceptually outstanding characteristics in a person (perceptional cues being race, gender, age & attractiveness, etc). Children observe the characteristics of physical appearance. They notice perceptual similarities and differences among those who live, work & socialize together. They then gather the social groups they observe which must have been ca used by meaningful differences between groups (Bigler & Liben, 2007).The new theoretical model by Bigler and Liben (2007), called the Developmental Intergroup Theory (DIT), tries to establish this classification skills in children that affects stereotyping. This theory is combined by two theories, first being the inter-group theory, which is social identification within a group (Tajfel & Turner, 1986) and flake one being the Self-categorization Theory (Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher & Wetherall, 1987).Their DIT theory proposes that salience grouping increases in children when adults label groups or group members (Bigler & Liben, 2007 Racial prejudice is a sensitivity to react favorably to members of a racial group, because of their group affiliation (Aboud, 1988, p. 48). The majority of child racial prejudice studies have all been researched on children in northern America.As stated above one research suggests that childrens prejudice is crystallized at the age of seven and does not decline but other research tends to suggest it does, according to Gutman and Hickson (1996) both can happen because at that age children have more developed mature mind and that because of that it can take care like it decreases because the child has a crystallized conception of a group in their mind.According to Katz (1975) the decrease happen due to social desirabilitys and that prejudice is not accepted and according to Aboud (1993) the decline happens because of maturing cognitive development of the child (Augoustinos & Rosewarne, 2001). Ausgosustinos and Rosewarne (2001) results of their research indicated that like the results of North American studies on children, Euro-Australian children in early years of middle school start to show less prejudice towards other groups than the younger children did.North American children prejudices are similar to the children in Australia. Consistent with Doyle and Abouds (1995) research on North American children who showed less racial pr ejudice towards out-groups as they get older can also be seen in Euro-Australian children, they found that older Euro-Australian start to show less racial prejudice towards Aborigines, but as seen later other Australian studies are not consistent with this finding (As cited in Augoustinos & Rosewarne, 2001).Some measures used to measure racial attitudes are the Preschool Racial Attitude Measure (PRAM) and the Multiresponse Racial Attitude (MRA), these look for racial attitudes and preferences in young children and also to find the in-group and out-group attitudes in children. In Abouds (1988) finding that the MRA has implications, it goes beyond in finding in-group and out-group results, it doesnt separate the groups apart and that questions were to open end and positively worded.Another concern in this field of research is that, overseas research has mainly found that at the age of seven prejudice declines, but some of the findings in Australian studies have found not consistency o f declining prejudice at that age. Another problem in Australian studies is that some children do not show bias towards other races (Augoustinos and Reynolds, 2001) this problem could be further looked in future studies.Overall, Abouds twenty years (1988) that children are prejudiced and there is general agreement in other researches that children can be prejudiced and that is can start from an early age around three to five years, there is still a debate on whether there are cognitive developmental factors or social learning factors contemporary researchers are starting to endeavor and explain children and prejudice by using cognitive developmental approaches. There has been debate over weather prejudice declines at seven or are just more implicit and repress because of social undesirability of showing prejudiced behavior.Measures used for researching child prejudice should be looked again and also further studies of child prejudices over different countries as most researches on child prejudice are studied in America and Canada Perhaps future studies should look at England, Australia and some other multicultural countries in Europe. References Aboud, F. E. (2003). The formation of in-group favoritism and out-group prejudice in young children Are they distinct attitudes? Developmental Psychology, 39, 48-60.Augoustinos, M. , & Reynolds, K. J. (2001). The development of prejudice in children. D. Garvey (Eds.), Understanding prejudice, racism, and social conflict (pp. 57-73). London SAGE publications. Augoustinos, M. , & Rosewarne, D. L. (2001). Stereotype knowledge and prejudice in children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 19, 143-156. Bergen, T. J. (2001). The Development of Prejudice in Children. Education, 122, 154-163. Bigler, R. S. , & Liben. L. S. (2007) Developmental Intergroup Theory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 132-166. Clark, K. B. (1970). The problem of Prejudice. Prejudice and your Child. (pp. 17-24). Boston Beacon Press. Eagly, A. H. (in press).Prejudice Toward a more inclusive understanding. In A. H. Eagly, R. M. Baron, & V. L. Hamilton (Eds. ), The social psychology of group identity and social conflict Theory, application, and practice. Washington, DC APA Books. Gutman, D. B. , & Hickson, F. (1996). The relationship between racial attitudes and social-cognitive development in children An Australian study. Developmental Psychology, 12, 448-456. Kosslyn, S. M. , & Rosenberg, R. S. (2004). Psychology (pp. G-7). Sydney Pearson. Kowalski, K. (2003). The Emergence of social and Racial Attitudes in Preschool-Aged Children. The Journal of Social Psychology, 143, 677-690.Nesdale, A. R. (2004) Development of Prejudice in Children. In M. Augoustinos & K. Reynolds (Eds), The Psychology of Prejudice and Racism (pp. 1-12), Sage Nesdale, D. , Durkin, K. , Maass, A. , & Griffiths, J. (2005). Group Norm, Threat, and Childrens Racial Prejudice. Child Development, 76, 652-663. Sinclair, S. , Dunn, E. , & Lowery, B. S. (2005). The relationship between parental racial attitudes and childrens implicit prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 283-289. Vaughan, G. M. , & Hogg, M. A. (2008). Aggression. Introduction to Social Psychology (pp. 452-453). Australia Pearson.

In what ways has Sainsbury’s gained, kept or lost competitive advantage?

During this assignment we will be severe to start off the ship fecesal in which Sainsburys has gained, kept or befuddlight-emitting diode war-ridden favour. Competitive advantage is something that makes a business, like Sainsburys, better than its competitors such as Tesco or Asda. The ways in which Sainsburys may arrest gained, kept or lost competitive advantage is through innovation, temperament and relationships therefore these ar the three factors we will be looking into to discover whether or not they have been fitted to have competitive advantage within their club.The innovation within the go with will find from the introduction of new products and finding new ways of doing things within the federation however, it overly involves being innovative through go forth the whole company and looking at how the employees think. Reputation and relationships come from the company being innovative, for example, if a company introduces new products better than early(a) com panies can then they will develop a reputation but they can also develop a reputation by slip awaying their prices low and appealing to a range of consumers. If a company is adequate to appeal to a wide range of consumers they ar able to gain good relationships with custom-builters, which is what a business needs to be successful.A good company also needs a close relationship with employees and suppliers as without these people a company would find it difficult to be able to run. However it is not only these three aspects that we will be looking at but also how Sainsburys may add added value, the profit they make and their mart explore. We will be deciding whether or not Sainsburys has gained, kept or lost its competitive advantage by undertaking a number of methods to successfully decide how the company has performed. These methods will include primary coil enquiry, which will involve an interview or questionnaires, and secondary research such as the Sainsburys website, newspa per articles or company accounts. I timbre that Sainsburys will have lost competitive advantage however by using the research we undertake we will be able to find the answer to our question.Research FindingsCompetitive advantage is gained through good innovation, a good reputation and good relationships. Since doing research on Sainsburys we have discovered that they are losing their touch and customers because of mistakes they have made when it comes to innovation. However, through primary research in the form of an interview an employee of Sainsburys feels that they are still pleasing customers.What innovative products have Sainsburys introduced?* ragweed carte du jour* Using Accenture* Internet ShoppingHow do you hold back a strong relationship with customers?* All customers who are signed up to ambrosia Card and other clubs receive regular newsletters and silver-off coupons to show them we care about their custom.How does Sainsburys feel they add value to their products?* Qu ality Service* Quality FoodWhat food market research does Sainsburys undertake to keep giving people what they want?* Customers are regularly subject to in store questionnaires that they can fill out to tell us what they want. This helps Sainsburys know how to please customers and to think how we can achieve this.How do you cope with competition?* Sainsburys satisfies customers because we know what they want which is cod to good market research. We also keep our prices competitively low and make sure that everything we do is of a high standard.Do you feel that you will ever regain enough market dower to become market leader?* NO COMMENTHow are shareholders taking the slump in share prices?* Any shareholders of Sainsburys receive quality service from us and every of them are happy and proud to be associated with the Sainsburys brand.Sainsburys decided to outsource their IT capability to Accenture1 believing that they would benefit from huge cost savings giving them competitive ad vantage on their rivals. However, four years later Sainsburys are losing a large percentage of their market share to rivals like Tesco1. When Accenture was first announced to be taking over Sainsburys IT, Sir Peter Davis, who was Chief Executive at the time, said he felt that Accenture would help us achieve real competitive advantage and efficiencies quickly and cost effectively.2 However all(prenominal) this new system has done has send Sainsburys into a slow deterioration weakness to get goods onto shelves, which in hug drug has meant customers are unable to buy the goods they require.This problem is affecting the impact that Sainsburys has on the market but they have tried to improve the situation with the introduction of the bitterweed Card, which is a card that customers can use to collect points when they purchase goods and in persuade the points can be used to buy goods. Internet shopping has also been introduced by Sainsburys where customers can buy all goods on the net and have them delivered to their door, however this is also an idea favored by Tesco, Waitrose and Asda. Tesco is market leader at the deport moment with Asda following closely behind meaning that Sainsburys is slowly slipping and are making their first ever release this year3.Sainsburys is now trying to regain the credence of customers by making sure that any relationship they build is a good and stable one. Sainsburys aim to ensure that all colleagues have opportunities to develop their abilities and are well rewarded for their contribution to the success of the business. The company feels that if they meet their customers needs effectively by providing the best quality and choice to meet frequent shoppers needs they will thereby be providing shareholders with good, sustainable financial returns.The tactics that Sainsburys has used to gain, keep or lose competitive advantage have all been discussed above and using this research we now have to decide whether or not the company has been successful in the ways it has used.DiscussionShareholders of Sainsburys should be frustrate this year as it is the first time they have made a loss which in turn means that all stakeholders will lose out if they decided to sell their shares. It could also have a long term effect on the company because if shareholders decided to sell shares quickly before prices slumped any longer they would be unable to sell them on because people are not going to buy shares of a failing company or any company who has had financial problems in recent years.However if we were to look at the primary research undertaken we would come up that an employee of Sainsburys feels that any stakeholders of Sainsburys, including shareholders, is happy to be with the company despite it losing money and no longer being market leader. The question asked about market share was passed by the employee but through secondary research we can front that Tesco is market leader and Sainsburys isnt even in secon d place showing the rapid decline in peoples faith in the Sainsburys brand.Sainsburys are trying to keep competitive advantage through innovation, reputation and relationships but during my primary research we can see that they feel they have introduced innovative products in Internet shopping, Accenture and the Nectar Card. However, many other supermarkets favour Internet shopping which means they are not a monopoly in this market and are far from leading it by looking at their overall market share. Accenture is a system they introduced but has so far failed to work and is causing problems within stores, which means that because goods are failing to get onto shelves customers are deciding to do their shopping somewhere else.Not only has Accenture not been innovative but it has also destroyed relationships with stakeholders of Sainsburys because they dont have faith in the company when it comes to stocking the goods they want and need. Research shows that Sainsburys reputation is fa lling because it faces that Sainsburys no longer holds a high stake of market share and has been overtaken as market leader. We can also see that the Sainsburys employee feels relationships with all stakeholders in great with customers receiving regular newsletters and in store questionnaires. This is showing customers that they care but they are still losing custom because of mistakes and newsletters wont stop customers from going elsewhere if they think theyll get a better quality of service, food and value for money.One thing that Sainsburys does well is appeal to all markets those with children, single people, the elderly and married couples. The way they are able to do this is because the products sold is the stores are items that everybody needs but then they also have clubs that are open to different types of people, some of the examples of the clubs are Little Ones Club and Drinks Club.They are use their innovative Nectar Card to appeal to everyone and because you can use t hem in different stores they appeal to a wider variety of people rather than if they were just for use at Sainsburys. To appeal to the public Sainsburys also uses celebrity chef, Jamie Oliver, to advertise its goods, which is a way of bringing in a good reputation and appealing to all markets. If customers think that a celebrity is involved with a brand call forth they are more likely to use it because a celebrity involved often makes the public think that a place is worthwhile.Sainsburys is faced with a potbelly of competition and although they are not market leader at the present they feel they are trying to regain a large chunk of the market share and win customers back. As we discovered during research, Sainsburys are making their first ever loss this year which means that competitors are able to push barely ahead in order to win over customers and make themselves market leader with a huge market share. During the interview with the Sainsburys employee we can see that they fe el the way they feel that Sainsburys add value is through quality service and food. However through secondary research we found that service was poor due to Accenture as Sainsburys were unable to get products on shelves as they ran out.This was due to Accenture being a failure to the company and losing them huge money. As the companys service was poor if customers werent able to get the products they required it is most likely they would have gone to a competitor supermarket, which is why Sainsburys are no longer market leader.Market research is often carried out in Sainsburys according to the interview that was undertaken with the employee. They stated that customers of the company are often subject to in store questionnaires and asked what they want, how they feel and what changes they would like to see being made. However if we were to then look at secondary research it seems unlikely that any comments made by customers are actually taken into favor as food is still unable to ge t on shelves and once again this shows by the fact that Sainsburys are making their first ever loss this year. The employee stated that Sainsburys care about their customers because they say that newsletters are regularly sent out however, we cannot see that what customers think is taken into account as Sainsburys still seem to be running in the same poor quality way.ConclusionThis assignment was to discover whether or not Sainsburys have gained, kept or lost competitive advantage. To do this we had to do a mixture of primary and secondary research into the way Sainsburys is run and the way the company is performing at the present moment. Once research was carried out we then discussed it and decided that there were a large number of factors that interconnected to what is felt has lost Sainsburys competitive advantage.Looking at the discussion where we have analysed the research that was conducted we can see that Sainsburys are a slowly failing company and this decline has been most ly since the introduction of Accenture. The innovation that Sainsburys has had, has any been very poor for example Accenture, or has also been favoured by other companies including the current market leader, meaning that Sainsburys has no competitive edge on other companies. We also saw that Sainsburys felt that they added value to the company by quality of service and products but as we also saw in the discussion that led nowhere.To read this assignment and the research that was carried out to go with it you would automatically feel that this company was a failing establishment that was going nowhere and was sinking. It is possible that Sainsburys could turn their misfortune around with help from experts who could help them appeal more to the public and reconstruct the way their stores work for example, once the contract with Accenture has run out do not renew it but until then improve all the other problems associated with failing. Sainsburys will not become market leader for lon g time, if at all, if they do make the changes that are needed but to be able to be thought of as a good supermarket they need to change.Overall, to answer the title question it is manifest that Sainsburys have lost competitive advantage by ways that have been spoken about during research and the discussion and as read above we can see how it is possible for Sainsburys to change themselves.AppendixDuring researching into Sainsburys competitive advantage a telephone call was made to their head office in order for primary research to be carried out. We were transferred to their Corporate Communications Department and when they were asked about the competitive advantage they felt Sainsburys had gained, kept or lost, we were informed that no information could be given at this time and were directed to the Internet to look for our own research.

The Narrative of Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca

Cabeza de Vaca, the treasurer of an expedition from Spain was shipwrecked and was ultimately forced to trek several miles by natives of Hernan Cortes. Cabeza de Vaca survived by learning the language of the natives and serving them as their physician. After eight years of living with them, he imbibed the culture of the native people in the area, certain an affinity with them such that his rescue from them was not quite a accept treat for him.He and his 600 men meandered along the interior of New Spain but they ended up to only 4 men on the journey. This compassion for the natives is quite interesting as we see how he changed his ways and some beliefs about. There are many answers to this question. Some say that maybe De Vaca truly began to respect the natives ways. But in the context of the work, I believe this is nothing more than an extended case of Stockholm syndrome.It shows more the changes that he experienced with the natives everyplace the course of his years in America such that he has been smitten by the natives (Societal Stockholm Syndrome). What is Stockholm Syndrome? This term was used during the early 70s to denote the different reactions of bank employees to the people who hostaged them. This happened when trine women and one man was hostaged in one of the largest banks in Stockholm. Instead of completely resisting these ex-convicts, the captives even resisted the governments efforts to rescue them.They had developed an affinity with the men. It may seem puzzling at first, but when one looks at this to explain what Cabeza de Vaca experienced with the natives, one can readily say that it was largely due to the fact that the Cabeza had developed compassion to the natives who also showed him kindness while they kept him prisoner (Societal Stockholm Syndrome). In sharing of himself and what he knows as a physician, his giving was also his receiving. At such time, giving is its have reward.He was with the natives at those generation in a way h e will neer forget, even if they were to meet again aft(prenominal) being separated. Sharing with love and caring comes when one gives freely of himself and what he has, and one reciprocates the kindness. This is gleaned all over his writings as illustrated in one of the Chapters where he recounts. Then, supporting us under our arms, they hurried us from one to another of the four big fires they had built along the path.At each fire, when we regained a little hotness and strength, they took us on so swiftly our feet hardly touched ground. (Cabeza de Vacas Adventures in the Unknown indoor of America). This seemed like being pampered guests instead of being captives. In any birth, there are things one appreciates. If the relationship has much depth, such as what transpired in the narratives of Cabeza de Vaca, then, it was but natural for the Cabeza to be so involved with the activities of the natives. notification them of his fears is as much a gift as telling them of his apprec iations.Sharing these feelings opened up the natives innate careen toward elasticity and trust. Genuine concern for the welfare of the people in ones life never takes the form of violence towards them as lived by the Cabeza. He did not use violence to gain his own ends and he even convinced himself that its good for them as when the natives initially became oppressive. It is difficult for one to avow acts of violence and oppression for they are statements of ones own feelings of incompetence.Perhaps the Cabeza knew that violence ultimately leads, in most cases, to results just the opposite of those it was intended to produce.REFERENCES Cabeza de Vacas Adventures in the Unknown Interior of America. Translated by Cyclone Covey. Retrieved May 29, 2007 at http//www. ibiblio. org/eldritch/cdv/rel. htmc19Castaway The Narrative of Alvar Nunez Cageza de Vaca. University of California Press. September 23, 1993. Societal Stockholm Syndrome. Retrieved May 29, 2007 at http//web2. iadfw. net/k trig246/out_of_cave/sss. hypertext markup language

Citizenship of organizations, nations and the planet- Rights and Responsibilities Essay

Man is a social animal. The history of mankind is the history of evolving societies, civilizations and nations. These ar the various levels of groups a person exists as a citizen of, where he cooperates with differents to fulfil and increase his own call for and potential and therefore developing that group as a whole. Hence, an case-by-case is tied to his social moorings which provide him certain rights for his own self development and as well as demand from him certain responsibilities for the well being and sustainability of the society as a whole. These rights and responsibilities are indispensable for wholly organisation to exist and develop.The rights meet also evolved as society has progressed. Earlier in the days when state did not exist, a king or a dictator did not need to worry a good deal about rights of his citizens. But democracy is based on will of people. In a democratic government, a citizen gets his rights which are fundamental to his well being and growt h. Hence, in India our constitution makers provided us with fundamental rights which we did not eff when india was not a democratic nation. Similarly, when industrialisation had emerged in western Europe, the rights of the workers was not given much confidence to. They lived in miserable conditions, with very long working hours and less leisure. But today, every organisation provides its workers gumshoe working environment as a right.Today, as the twenty-first century enters its second decade the reality has shrunk in a space becoming a instaurationwide village.The ancient Indian notion encapsulated in the sanskrit dictum vasudhaiva kutumbakam( the military man is a family ) has never been truer.Today, its not realistic to think only in footing of ones own country .The exchange of ideas and goods are taking place over in the domain with ever greater frequency,speed and ease.The safety of people everywhere not only depends on local security forces, still also on guarding a gainst terrorism.What happens in other parts of the world affect other nations too. We are becoming citizens of a unified planet. Under this perspective, the united nations formulated the Human rights whichare fundamental for the worldly concern of a citizen irrespective of race, gender or geography like right to live with security, right against slavery. If a government denies its citizens these basic rights for example in a genocide, UN can intervene to restore peace and a legitimate government. Likewise it sends directives to its member nations on how they can perform best so that the citizens have better life. A citizen needs to take full responsibility towards Organization, Nation as well as Planet.People everywhere increasingly connected through travel,trade and the internet.World is so closely knitted today that a send word that starts in a remote thatched in one corner of a village can move the steel girders of the tallest skyscrapers at the other end of our global villa ge. The impact of 9/11 was felt all round the world or the impact of recession that was felt all around the world in 2008 due to the failure of Lehman brothers and Bear stearns .The impact that one citizen, organization or nation creates around the world cannot be ignored in such an interdependent world .We can no longer make the luxury of not thinking about the impact on the planet in anything we do .The problems that the world is facing today like terrorism ,of the proliferation of weapons of mass destructions,global warming ,contagious disease, poverty, mass illiteracy and massive shimmy cannot be addressed by one or a group of country alone .Today nations around the world find them vulnerable to threats from beyond once borders counterfeiters of currency,drug smugglers,child traffickers,pirates ,credit-card crooks and even imported diseases such as swine flu. such problems required solutions that transcends all boundaries and it can only happen when one think himself as a gl obal citizen and realize their rights and responsibilities towards the planet.Citizenship is the status of a person recognised under the law of a state that bestows on that person the rights and the duties of citizenship.Rights and responsibilities complement each other.It has been rightly said with great power also comes great responsibilities.Rights and respondibilities some(prenominal) should be enjoyed actively .Active citizenship is thephilosopy that citizens would work towards the betterment of society through economic participation, volunteer work and other such efforts to improve life for all citizens. A right has not be enjoyed by an individual at the cost of others right. A right pertains to an individuals liberty but to sustain and develop equality in a society, responsibilities or duties are must to be followed by the citizens. If we have a right to free speech, then it becomes our responsibility to moderate our speech so that it does not incite hatred between groups an d communities. Keeping this in view, India incorporated fundamental duties as well in its constitution to complement the rights.Now corporates which thrive on lands and forests occupied earlier by other communities, they have to share their riches with those people in the form of corporate social responsibility.Mahatma gandhi had aptly said that the world has enough to fulfil everyones need but not enough to fulfil anyones greed. In todays world where resources are scarce, these words of his have become highly relevant. In the spend a penny of development, we are polluting our air and cutting down our forests. We are threatening the livelihood of various communities which sustain on these lands. This has led to widespread social tensions resulting into violence. The corporates and other players are forgetting their responsibilities towards the society. Their rights to do business must be in harmony with the rights of citizens whose livelihood gets affected.Many Management literates have investigated the notion of Citizenship from three perspective-an Organizational Citizenship (where the efforts are undertaken by the employees to behave as good citizens within their organization) from a social perspective with the notion of Corporate Citizenship (where initiatives are undertaken by businesses to act responsibly in society in particular and the Nation in general) and give way but not the least from the planet perspective with the notion of Environment Citizenship (where efforts should be undertaken by Individuals/entity to be responsible towards environmental protection).At the organization level citizens should strive for sustainable development . There should be effort towards a future state for human societies in which living conditions and resource-use meet human needs without undermining the sustainability of natural systems and the environment, so that future generations may also have their needs met.Central coalfield Limited(CCL) as a responsible organ ization in making citizens partner in progress.Major corporate social responsibility(CSR) employment of Central Coalfield Limited (CCL)1. CCL has adopted 2 villages in the nearby vicinity in which Rs. 50 lac was provided for background knowledge up a Solar Light Generating Unit.2. CCL has organized 25 medical camps in the adopted villages, in which 2644 persons were well-beingted.3. CCL has constructed/ repaired 17 rural roads, built/ repaired 21 rural schools and 20 community centers have been constructed/ repaired.4. 11 visually impaired girl students of Brajkishore Netrahin Balaika vidyalia have been adopted by CCL for their education and Health Care.5. For providing the supply of drinking water, 84 works with respect to digging of hand pumps, installation of hand pumps, wells, ponds etc. were undertaken by CCL giving benefit to 105 villages.6. 335 health camps were organized in different villages of CCL in which 52309 people were benefited.7. CCL has started operation JYOTI t o eradicate two-sided blindness in command areas and 2511 persons have been operated so far.8. An amount of Rs. 3.70 Cr. was provided to state Government for construction of twosome on Ray-Tandwa- Khilari Road. 9. Rs. 81.38 lac was provided to Jharkhand state for De-Silting of Kanke Dam, Ranchi.