Biology science of duty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Biology science of duty - Essay Example The most important feature of this system is the basic rule of adherence to the duty no matter what the consequences are following the duty. The system stays irrelevant from the end result of following the principles for the justification that the duty has to be performed by any means. When any theory is presented criticism comes along and has a few important features also. The basic feature of this system is following the duty in any circumstances but the harmful fact of the duty has to be over looked. The consequences have to be chosen over the least possible one and the duty which is less harmful after the duty is enacted. The use of utilitarian system simply distinct form the above mentioned one in a simple manner where the consequences are known and cannot be chosen and a series of data should be available. The rules of this system make it available for short term use where no importance is given to length examinations. It poses environmental problems and causes an impact to human life due to different way of approach towards life. The draw back of this system is that it fails to define prohibitions and find the importance of species. Both the species of humans are put into account and considered similar in any context but when put under large consideration animals are compared to humans and their well being also. Considering everyone the same and all given the same importance the species which need more attention come under scrutiny where they are similar to other species which do not need much of importance which makes this rule another draw back of this system 2. Explain three major differences between mitosis and meiosis. How does each difference contribute to the outcome of the process 2. Every living cell is composed of genetic material called DNA which carries chromosomal structure of an individual. The changes that take place in an individual and growth of the tissues are attributed to the changes that DNA undergoes during mitosis and meiosis. The main differentiating features among the two are as follows: Mitosis can be generally defined as formation of two daughter cells from one; it can be simply explained as differentiation of the genetic material into two cells. The example that can be given to explain mitosis is the growth of tissues in skin, multiplication of blood cells. Meiosis on the other hand can be differentiated from its meaning; reduction in the number of chromosomes into half and also involves the changes in DNA structure. The example that can be given here is the formation of foetus that is the end result of the above mentioned process. The other main differentiating feature that can be mentioned here is after the process of mitosis the number of cells that are formed are two in number and have genetically same features and chromosomes as that of the mother cell whereas after Meiosis the number of cells that are formed are four in number and have different set of chromosomes and their genetic structure varies. Mitosis is the process which generally occurs in somatic cells whereas Meiosis is the process

Mary Shelleys Frankenstei Essay Example for Free

Mary Shelleys Frankenstei Essay The audience is made to feel that Frankenstein himself is evil, for playing with life and mocking God. The sounds made by the monster are similar to those made by wild animals, but also they sound like the monster is in pain, which would make sense as Frankenstein has just rejected him. We see Frankensteins former professor talking through a gate. This signifies the difference of opinion and belief between the two doctors. Sound effects are used very well in the creation scene, especially the non-diagetic musical score that has been added. It is mainly in a minor key, but has drastic changes to a major key when there is extra tension in the frame. It creates a build up, and when there is suddenly a pause with no music, tension is created, then when something dramatic happens, the audience shows a greater reaction. The use of diagetic and non-diagetic sound is very good in this scene, for example when the electrical probes go into the monsters feet and there is the sound of crunching bone. This is diagetic sound. Music is an example of non-diagetic sound. The sudden silences at some points in the scene allow the audience a chance to reflect upon the immorality and reality of what Frankenstein has done. Camera angles are used to make the scene more effective and more enticing to the viewer. If there is a large quantity of movement and change in camera angles, then the shot is used to create responses in the audience. There are many randomly strange camera angles in the creation scene, and we dont really ever see the whole of the creatures body when it comes out of the copper vat, this is because the monster was made of lots of parts and wasnt really a complete person in the doctors eyes. In the creation scene, we experience many different shot types, such as an extreme low angle shot when the monster is being lifted into the air on the body tray. This is to symbolise the life being created and is mocking God. The mis-en-scene of the frame when Victor is running up to the dais in his large billowing coat is very cluttered, which in my opinion represents his mind being a jumble of thoughts. I think there are a lot of shots in the creation scene that represent the stigmata of Christ. For example, when the spikes are driven into the feet and hands of the monster when he is not alive, in the copper vat. And the extreme close-up shot of Frankensteins head, then of the creatures head. The doctors head bears no (visible) injury, but his creation has huge scars as if his head had been crowned with thorns. Also, there is the part where the monster is lowered into the copper vat, which looks oddly like a sarcophagus (a type of coffin used to bury Egyptian pharaohs in ancient times), this represents the descent into hell that Frankenstein is embarking on. This is mocking God yet again, and shows the immorality of Victor Frankenstein. When we see the low-angle shot of the monster hanging on the chains, it resembles the crucifixion of Christ. There are violins playing at this point, which symbolises the loneliness that Victor is feeling from the rest of the world. There are many different visual effects used in the creation scene, such as the lighting striking the window behind the monster, when he appears in Frankensteins bedroom. Another special effect was the make-up used on the monsters face to make it look more dramatic and horrifying. There is also the amniotic fluid that the monster is born in, when that spills out the copper vat, it makes the audience feel sick and repulsed. Only diagetic sounds are used at this point, there is no music. When the monster is lifted up to the ceiling, the circle of light around the body represents Leonardo Da Vincis Vitruvian Man, which is a drawing that shows the proportions of a perfect human body. This is ironic as most of the monster was made of murderers and criminals- hardly perfect people. The editing in the creation scene is very clever, I have previously mentioned the lecturer being super-imposed over a frame; there is also the part where all the scientific equipment is displayed. One shot dissolves into another, which resembles them being combined together to make the monster. The pace in the scene changes from being very fast when Frankenstein is giving the monster life, to a lot slower when the monster is born and trying to stand up. Overall, I think that Branagh has made the film much more appealing to the audience by using the effects available to him. He uses location, costume, characterisation, dialogue, sound effects, camera angles. Shot types, visual effects, editing, and pace to make a very effective film. I am most impressed by the way he read between the lines of the Mary Shelley novel to give the audience lots to think about. I also liked the way he used discreet blasphemy to show that what Victor Frankenstein was doing was immoral and mocking God. I think that Branagh has more than done justice to the Shelley novel. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

The Jesuits Essay -- essays research papers

The Jesuits missionaries in America faced many problems, one in particular dealt with relations between the missionaries and the Natives. The letter deals with the treatment of prisoners after a brief military engagement and in addition, attempts by the Jesuits to convert the captured Iroquois. The treatment of the prisoners seems benevolent, compared to the past modus operandi used by the Church to hasten conversion. Furthermore, the letter exemplifies the hypocrisy of the missionaries after the prisoners, willingly, convert. This letter is a perfect of the Counter Reformation, and Church's attempt to expend its areas of influence as well as to "save" more souls from the Devil. Furthermore, the content of the letter can be easily proven to be bias towards the Iroquois in order to promote Catholicism. This letter, being one of many, is a part of the Counter-Reformation and serves as propaganda for the Catholic Church. The author of the "Relations" letters, Jerome Lalemant, tells of a victory over the Iroquois. The first paragraph describes how the Algonquins, allies of the French, easily defeat the Iroquois without a single loss of their own. Immediately, the letter seems to embellish the victory of the Algonquins. The Iroquois were one of the most powerful tribes in the French America, possessing a large army of veteran, gun armed, warriors. In fact by 1675, the Iroquois had wiped out or absorbed four tribes, and destroyed most of the Huron country (Eccles, 138). Do to the strength of the Iroquois, it seems unlikely that the Algonquins would have been able to defeat the Iroquois, without inquiring a single loss of their own. In the second paragraph, the Jesuit priest describes the treatment of the captured foe. The author acknowledges that the first action that the Algonquins take, however, is to ".return thanks to Heaven." The meaning of that can be interpreted in two ways. The first, is that the Algonquins are going to thank their native Gods. However, since this letter is being written to the Vicar General in France and the Papacy in the Vatican, however, it seems unlikely that Jerome would discuss native offerings. The second interpretation can be that the Algonquins have infact converted to Catholicism. Jerome continues with his observation of the treatment of the captives, by noting that they are not tortured. .instea... ...er Helene to meet their death with firmness in the possession of the Faith. This letter seems to be more of propaganda than a report. Infact, the mission reports, "Relations Letters", were sent to the Propaganda, the Roman Congregation overseeing all missionary activity. It seems ironic the name of the Congregation, that received letters from around the world from their missionaries would be called Propaganda. Furthermore, the letter was published, and in the interest of spreading Catholic sentiments during the Counter-Reformation, however, for that reason the letters were reviewed in Paris and were edited. In conclusion, it seems that Father Jerome Lalemant seems to present ironic situations, most likely in order to please the Vicar General as well as the Propaganda Council. Some of the actions and relations seem embellished and exaggerated. Although the letter contains certain uncertainties, however, the letter does provide a case study of the relations between the European and native "governments", relations between native tribes, attempt at pro-Catholic propaganda, and the affects the Counter-Reformation had on religious policies towards the New World.

Male Friendship :: essays research papers

What is a friend? Maybe they are people who will listen to you, or people who you can boss around all the time, or maybe even just people who don’t have to do anything but sit with you at lunch. As Asher put it, â€Å"‘Friends are important sources of companionship and recreations, share advice and valued possessions, serve as trusted confidants and critics, act as loyal allies, and provide stability in times of stress or transition†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (qtd. in Dolich 1) Even in the beginning, when man was first created and put in the Garden of Eden to work the ground, there was a need for friendship and companionship. As God says while watching Adam work, â€Å"‘it is not good for man to be alone. I will make a companion for him.’† (qtd. in Adam†¦2:18). From the rib of Adam, God created Eve who was to be Adams companion forever. Do we even need this companionship, and if so is it important? As a recent poll of high school students shows, forty percent believe that friends are very important to them. While only ten percent believe that friends weren’t that important at all. Sixty percent of those questioned said that if their friends were to change and become more popular, then they would change themselves as well just to fit in and keep the friends they had (survey 2005). As one of these students points out, â€Å"Well it’s better than being alone all the time, this way at least you have someone to hangout wit h and talk to†(interview 2005). So in a day and age when teenagers especially are known for trying to act as individuals, we can see that in most cases people are the products of the influences put on them by their friends.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Artwork whether it is a painting, a drawing, or photograph; is a big way to express the importance of friendship. The photograph Be a True Friend, shows two male friends. Out at night, in a boat, not doing much but rowing. Along with this photograph is a caption saying, â€Å"the only way to have a friend is to be one† (Be a True Friend). From the caption, as well as the picture itself, you get the impression that these two people who aren’t doing anything but rowing, are great friends. You get the feeling that they don’t have to do anything but be there for one another, and because they are there for one another they are the greatest of friends. Male Friendship :: essays research papers What is a friend? Maybe they are people who will listen to you, or people who you can boss around all the time, or maybe even just people who don’t have to do anything but sit with you at lunch. As Asher put it, â€Å"‘Friends are important sources of companionship and recreations, share advice and valued possessions, serve as trusted confidants and critics, act as loyal allies, and provide stability in times of stress or transition†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (qtd. in Dolich 1) Even in the beginning, when man was first created and put in the Garden of Eden to work the ground, there was a need for friendship and companionship. As God says while watching Adam work, â€Å"‘it is not good for man to be alone. I will make a companion for him.’† (qtd. in Adam†¦2:18). From the rib of Adam, God created Eve who was to be Adams companion forever. Do we even need this companionship, and if so is it important? As a recent poll of high school students shows, forty percent believe that friends are very important to them. While only ten percent believe that friends weren’t that important at all. Sixty percent of those questioned said that if their friends were to change and become more popular, then they would change themselves as well just to fit in and keep the friends they had (survey 2005). As one of these students points out, â€Å"Well it’s better than being alone all the time, this way at least you have someone to hangout wit h and talk to†(interview 2005). So in a day and age when teenagers especially are known for trying to act as individuals, we can see that in most cases people are the products of the influences put on them by their friends.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Artwork whether it is a painting, a drawing, or photograph; is a big way to express the importance of friendship. The photograph Be a True Friend, shows two male friends. Out at night, in a boat, not doing much but rowing. Along with this photograph is a caption saying, â€Å"the only way to have a friend is to be one† (Be a True Friend). From the caption, as well as the picture itself, you get the impression that these two people who aren’t doing anything but rowing, are great friends. You get the feeling that they don’t have to do anything but be there for one another, and because they are there for one another they are the greatest of friends.

Jackson’s Knowledge Argument

Dualism is the theory that our world is not entirely physical but is made up of mind and matter, therefore uggesting the mind is not the brain (brain is matter, the mind is a separate entity). Cartesian Dualism states: Each mind is an immaterial substance capable of independent existence. The characteristic property of this substance is thought. The physical world is a material substance, capable of independent existence. The characteristic property of this substance is extension (taking up space). (Lecture 1, DCT). Monism, in contrast to dualism states that the mind and brain are unified, and that there is no division between the two.Those who support monism believe that there is only one reality. Physicalism is a kind of monism as it is the belief that different approaches to the mind-body problem, let us look at the knowledge argument by Frank Jackson, who theorises that physicalism is false. Jackson describes two thought experiments to support his anti-physicalism theory. The fir st centres around Mary, a brilliant scientist who is confined to a black and white room, who learns everything through black and white, including a black and white television.Mary is an expert in the neurophysiology of vision learns all the physical information about what happens to the brain when we see colour. Jackson (1982, p. 30) states: â€Å"She discovers, for example, Just which wave-length combinations from the sky stimulate the retina, and exactly how this produces via the central nervous system the contraction of vocal chords and expulsion of air from the lungs that results in the uttering of the sentence â€Å"The sky is blue†. When Mary leaves the room, and sees the colour red for the first time, Jackson raises the question of whether Mary will learn anything or not.Jackson claims that yes indeed Mary does, because she is having a new visual experience that she has not had before, despite having all the physical information prior to this. Jackson (1982, p. 130) g oes on â€Å"But then it is inescapable that her previous knowledge was incomplete. But she had all the physical information. Ergo there is more to have than that, and Physicalism is false†. Jackson believes that qualia has been left out of this story. qualia relates to our own subjective experiences.When I see a colour, smell a perfume, I am subjected toa conscious experience that is only relevant to me, no one else can experience these sensations the way I do. The following thought experiment in Jackson's paper explains this further. Fred, presented with a bunch of ripe tomatoes, separates them n to two groups. Fred has better colour vision than anyone else, but manages to separate the tomatoes into two groups, redl and red2. Whilst we may categorise all the tomatoes as simply red, Fred sees clearly two different types of red, in the way we would distinguish yellow from green.Suppose we know all about Fred's physiology and discover is a super ability to separate colours on the red spectrum, it does not actually tell us what it is like to see colour from Fred's perspective, or his colour experience. No amount of physical information about Fred can tell us what it is like o see colours in the same way as Fred does. Furthermore, if we were to implant Fred's brain into another beings body, it still would not tell us anything about Fred's conscious experience of seeing red at this present moment in time.Thomas Nagel's paper What is it like to be a bat? reinforces the theory that physicalism leaves something out. If we look at physicalism objectively, for example, look at the facts about Marys physiology that enable to her to see, we can know what happens to the optic nerve and retina when Mary sees colour, or light, but her experience of seeing he colour red is a subjective one. This experience is told from the first person point of view, therefore Nagel suggests that we cannot be objective about other people's experiences.Nagel (1974, p. 426) describes ho w we can we observe the physicality of bats: â€Å"Now we know that most bats (the microchiroptera, to be precise) perceive the external world primarily by sonar, or echolocation, detecting the reflections, from objects within range, of their own rapid, subtly modulated, high frequency shrieks†. There is nothing about a bat's senses that are like ours, and while we can imagine hat it may be like to be another human being, we cannot imagine what it is like to our imagination.As we do not have experience of being a bat our imagination is therefore limited. It is within my capabilities to mimic a bat's behaviour, eat insects, hang upside down, imagine myself flying, but I cannot share the same experiences as a bat as only a bat knows what it is like to have these experiences. One of the main physicalist responses to Jackson's knowledge argument is to agree that Mary does learn something new when she leaves the black and white room. Physicalists say hat Mary has gained a new abil ity rather than a new fact.Remember that Mary possessed all physical information before she left the room. Another physicalist view is that Mary is experiencing a mental state that is a result of the physical impact on her brain when she sees colour. The mental state that happens to Mary is seen as a brain state and therefore deemed to be physical. She already has the knowledge how to see colour but not necessarily knowledge that. Knowledge that is knowing that Paris is the capital of France, whilst knowledge how is knowing how to play the piano.Mary knows how to recognise colour. There is also the matter of causal closure which relates to every physical event having a physical cause. For example, if you bang your toe, is a physical event, which activates the mental state of pain, and to make the decision to hold on to your toe is also a mental state, however it results in your holding your toe, which is a physical event. This physicalist argument is a strong one, but no matter whic h way we look at the mind-body problem no one can have your conscious experiences.There can be countless thought experiments but each subject will see or feel things differently. Philip Goff (2013) states: â€Å"Physicalism is a grand and ambitious project, but there is a thorn in its side: consciousness. The qualities each of us encounters in our conscious experience – the feeling of pain, the sensations of biting into a lemon, what it's like to see red – stubbornly refuse to be incorporated into the physicalist's all-encompassing vision of the universe. Consciousness seems to be the one bit of left-over magic that refuses to be physicalised.And it's all the fault of the zombies†. Goff calls these zombies philosophical (or p-zombies) as they are not supposed to e the zombies that we see in films, it is a zombie that is used in philosophical thought experiments. If your zombie, was opened up, everything about its brain structure would be identical with yours. Th e thing that the zombie would lack is conscious experience. It might scream when it is stabbed with a knife, but it is because it is programmed to do so, its reactions will not coincide with feelings of pain of pleasure.Goff, talking about zombies summarises this point â€Å"However, your zombie twin has no inner experience: there is nothing that it's like to be your zombie twin. It's screaming and running away when stabbed isn't accompanied by a feeling of pain. Its smiles are not accompanied by any feeling of pleasure†. Goff puts forward an excellent argument to those who identify brain states with conscious states. He talks about what happens in the brain when you are in pain.If a brain surgeon was to open you up to see what is going on in your head if you had been stabbed with a knife they would see c-fibres firing, but they would not see that you are in pain and the c-fibres are firing, they could see what is happening physically but your conscious xperience of pain woul d not be visible. Goff (2013) explains: â€Å"to say that the feeling of pain is identical with c-fibres firing in your brain, is to say that pain – the thing you sees when she looks in your head after youVe had the knife stuck in you – are one and the same thing.It is to say that we don't have two things – pain and c-fibres firing – but one thing with two labels† Furthermore, if your zombie was opened up and a brain surgeon wanted to observe their brain activity after being stabbed by a knife, again they would observe the c-fibres firing, but there would be the absence of the onscious experience of pain. If you stab your zombie it will create a physical event, with a physical response but you cannot know what it is like to be your zombie, in the same way that your zombie cannot know what it is like to be you.Your zombie cannot be the same as you physically and consciously as you can only be one person. I do not believe that it is possible to compl etely resolve the mind-body problem. I am inclined to lean towards Jackson's point of view that we cannot perceive the colour red from Marys point of view. Not only can we not perceive things visually, if Mary ad been colour blind but gained knowledge how to perceive colours through touch or other senses, it would still be true to say that her experience would be a subjective one.

Meaning of Over There, The Famous World War I Song

Meaning of Over There, The Famous World War I Song The song Over There was one of the most famous songs of World War I. Over There proved to be an inspiration both to the young men who were being sent to fight the war as well as to those on the home front who worried about their loved ones. The Meaning Behind the Lyrics On the morning of April 6, 1917, newspaper headlines across America announced the news that the United States had declared war on Germany. While most people who read the newspaper headlines that morning tried to comprehend how their lives were going to change, one man started humming. That may seem like an odd reaction to most people, but not for George M. Cohan. George Cohan was an actor, singer, dancer, songwriter, playwright, and Broadway producer who had composed hundreds of songs, including such famous songs as â€Å"Youre a Grand Old Flag,† â€Å"Marys a Grand Old Name,† Lifes a Funny Proposition After All, â€Å"Give My Regards to Broadway,† and â€Å"Im a Yankee Doodle Dandy.† So it is perhaps not completely surprising that Cohans reaction to reading the headlines that morning was to hum, but few might have expected Cohans humming to be the start of a very popular song. Cohan continued to hum all morning and soon began to compose a few lyrics. By the time Cohan arrived at work that morning, he already had the verses, chorus, tune, and title of what became the very popular Over There. Over There was an instant success, selling over 2 million copies by the end of the war. Perhaps the most popular version of Over There was sung by Nora Bayes, but Enrico Caruso and Billy Murray sang beautiful renditions as well. The song Over There is about the Yanks (the Americans) going over there (across the Atlantic) to help fight the Huns (what the Americans called the Germans at the time) during World War I. In 1936, Cohan was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal for writing the song, and it experienced a revival in World War II when the United States again faced Germany in war. Lyrics to Over There Johnnie get your gun, get your gun, get your gunTake it on the run, on the run, on the runHear them calling you and meEvery son of liberty Hurry right away, no delay, go todayMake your daddy glad to have had such a ladTell your sweetheart not to pineTo be proud her boys in line. CHORUS (repeated twice):Over there, over thereSend the word, send the word over thereThat the Yanks are coming, the Yanks are comingThe drums are rum-tumming everywhere So prepare, say a prayerSend the word, send the word to bewareWell be over there, were coming overAnd we wont come back till its over over there.Over there. Johnnie get your gun, get your gun, get your gunJohnnie show the Hun youre a son of a gunHoist the flag and let her flyYankee Doodle do or die Pack your little kit, show your grit, do your bitYankees to the ranks from the towns and the tanksMake your mother proud of youAnd the old Red White and Blue. CHORUS (repeated twice):Over there, over thereSend the word, send the word over thereThat the Yanks are coming, the Yanks are comingThe drums are rum-tumming everywhere So prepare, say a prayerSend the word, send the word to bewareWell be over there, were coming overAnd we wont come back till its over over there.Over there.

Free Essays on Pilots And Bipolar Disorder

Don’t Fly or Deal With the Consequences Mental disorders are becoming a more recognized ailment in society today. Psychological stressors and genetic backgrounds are two of the main factors triggering these disorders. It is estimated that more than 17 million Americans meet the criteria for mental disorders. This means that there are undoubtedly a small percentage of these Americans that, at one time in their life, will apply for an aviation medical certificate. This is where the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) gets involved. According to FAA regulations a medical examiner is required to deny certification to individuals who show signs of certain mental disorders. Bipolar disorder is one of these disorders in which denial of an aviation medical certificate will be sought. Bipolar disorder is a one of several types of mood disorders, but has different characteristics that set it apart from the rest. Also called manic-depression, it is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in a person’s mood, energy, and ability to function. It is distinguished by behavior that fluctuates from extreme highs to serious lows interspersed with periods of normal mood. Typically everyone does go through normal ups and downs. However, symptoms of bipolar disorder are more severe, resulting in damaged relationships, poor job or school performance and even suicide. Bipolar disorder typically develops in late adolescence or early adulthood and continues throughout life. Symptoms of this devastating disorder include decreased need for sleep, talkativeness, racing thoughts, distractibility, psychomotor agitation, irritability, diminished interest, loss of pleasure in most activities, feelings of inappropriateness and even suicidal thoughts. These symptoms can have a severe impact on pilots in both their social life and on the job. It has been found that bipolar disorder is not a result of just one particular cause but rather a combinat... Free Essays on Pilots And Bipolar Disorder Free Essays on Pilots And Bipolar Disorder Don’t Fly or Deal With the Consequences Mental disorders are becoming a more recognized ailment in society today. Psychological stressors and genetic backgrounds are two of the main factors triggering these disorders. It is estimated that more than 17 million Americans meet the criteria for mental disorders. This means that there are undoubtedly a small percentage of these Americans that, at one time in their life, will apply for an aviation medical certificate. This is where the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) gets involved. According to FAA regulations a medical examiner is required to deny certification to individuals who show signs of certain mental disorders. Bipolar disorder is one of these disorders in which denial of an aviation medical certificate will be sought. Bipolar disorder is a one of several types of mood disorders, but has different characteristics that set it apart from the rest. Also called manic-depression, it is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in a person’s mood, energy, and ability to function. It is distinguished by behavior that fluctuates from extreme highs to serious lows interspersed with periods of normal mood. Typically everyone does go through normal ups and downs. However, symptoms of bipolar disorder are more severe, resulting in damaged relationships, poor job or school performance and even suicide. Bipolar disorder typically develops in late adolescence or early adulthood and continues throughout life. Symptoms of this devastating disorder include decreased need for sleep, talkativeness, racing thoughts, distractibility, psychomotor agitation, irritability, diminished interest, loss of pleasure in most activities, feelings of inappropriateness and even suicidal thoughts. These symptoms can have a severe impact on pilots in both their social life and on the job. It has been found that bipolar disorder is not a result of just one particular cause but rather a combinat...

Relevance of Modern Cinema to the Study of Ancient History essays

Relevance of Modern Cinema to the Study of Ancient History essays The Relevance of Modern cinema to the study of Ancient History Cinema has been around for about 100 years now. Who would have thought that the French short called The journey to the Moon (1901), would progress into a digital masterpiece like GLADIATOR. Over the century of movies that the world has witnessed, the have been almost 70 films made on the subject of classics. 21 of these were made in the decade between 1959-1969. Almost every one of these (with the exception of 6, including Carry On Cleo!) was solely intent on showing the cultural side of classical times, rather than the popular gory side (e.g. Cleopatra). Both sides are incredibly useful to the study of ancient history. The former shows how the ancient civilisations lived; and the latter shows what they did for entertainment. The subject of classics was first seen to be a novel idea to base a film on in 1899, by the French director Georges Mlis when he made Clopatre. This idea soon caught on, with some years churning out as many as 4 classics films a year (1908, 1961, 1962). However, the idea of classics in a movie soon became cliched, after 21 versions of Hercules, 9 versions of Quo Vadis, 15 films based on Cleopatra, and 7 versions of Spartacus. So, it was unsurprising that from 1983, there was a 14-year gap between two classics films. Ironically, both films were a version of Hercules, the most recent being a Disney Version (which actually stole ideas from almost every significant Greek myth ever told!) Even then, after 14 years, directors feared making a classical movie, as it could ruin their career. Ridley Scott was the first daring filmmaker, when, after 4 years, he made perhaps the most incredible classics film ever. Years of studying classics went into the movie, and the excellent effects enhanced the experience. Now, in the new millennium, the idea is once again becoming a trend, with Gates of Fire set to be released ...

Men are better managers as compared to the women for a variety of Essay

Men are better managers as compared to the women for a variety of reasons - Essay Example There has been a lot of debate about the effectiveness of women as managers. Women are stereotyped to be too delicate to give their best in the position of a manager since most organizations require the managers to be rough and tough in order to be effective. â€Å"W[omen] managers could be $13,500 a year better off a year on average if only they had a sex change. That is the penalty managers pay simply for being female† (Horin, 2009). A vast majority of the contemporary organizations are quite unlike the misogynist workplaces that were omnipresent in the 1960s. Despite that, there is a significant discrimination on the basis of gender in the workplace today, with the women full-time managers earning 25 per cent lesser as compared to the male managers. Although men working more hours than women is frequently identified as a causal factor of this disparity in earning between the women and male managers, yet it is not the only factor that explains the difference in earning. In s pite of the women’s empowerment over the decades, gender-based discrimination is still a common factor that influences the organizational culture in the present age. Leila Abdalla is a General Manager who shares her experience of management in these words: â€Å"It’s never been a walk through the park to get to the top – and the challenges are more when you are up there because there are some people, who were not very comfortable working for me† (Kibakaya, 2011). There are many factors that make women too weak to be good managers. This paper discusses the gender issues at the workplace and supports the belief that women lack the strength for management. Women are very concerned about their impression on others. â€Å"Professional women often come to executive coaches to work on their perceived "weaknesses" in the workplace, with an express wish to change an undesirable behavior or pattern† (Doyle-Morris, 2007). It matters to the female managers a l ot how others think of them. While it can be a good thing for a woman in her personal life because this lets her adjust herself according to people’s expectations to gain their love and admiration, this attitude is not quite suitable for a manager. Managers need to know what they are doing and should not care about what others think of them. Otherwise, they are not in a position to do what they think is right for the organization. Female managers display a lack of confidence in their abilities particularly when the circumstances become too tough. Men least care what others think of them. They do what they think is right and it does not matter to them how it affects their image. Such an attitude helps the male managers get through in tough times. Female managers are put off by the criticism that surfaces as a result of their actions while male managers are stubborn and determined. A manager has to take a lot of criticism for his/her actions. Every strong manager takes bold ste ps that may be found offensive by many employees and stakeholders. These steps are necessary in order to execute the strategies made by the manager. This requires a lot of boldness. One has to take full responsibility for one’s actions as a manager. In such circumstances, a woman manager is often not able to take the criticism. She backs off when the stakeholders threaten her. Bullying at workplace is not

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 110

Case Study Example Though there is no consensus with many members having dissenting opinions on the capacity of embracing technology to solve their problems at hand. Some of dissenting opinion with being pro technology is the capability that the technology bring, which the chief executive officer so much believe in and has to building trust when the subordinate are under the watch always with the spyware. This presents a problem of mistrust and fear within the company. Trust is needed for the company to be reputable and cooperative. It emerges that the transitioning from the founders of the company to the current CEO of the company did not have more of technology but it advanced. The previous regime based their property on the research that enabled them to know area of opportunity, threats and strength. With such knowledge, it was easy for the company to grow. The root cause of the stalemate and problem was the new chief executive office coming up with almost sudden change. According to research done by Carr & Trahant change is not something that should be done once but introduce slowly to allow people to familiarize with. The new chief executive came with philosophy of embracing technology which appeared to be skewed toward spying employees. This cause discourse within the board. The strategic position has negatively impacted by the problem in a number of ways. First the resistance of being pro technology delays the program. Use of spyware is also observe as absence of trust hence bringing the divisions in the

The importance of thinking adoption first when choosing a pet Research Paper

The importance of thinking adoption first when choosing a pet - Research Paper Example Rather than selecting a pet from an animal breeding farm, adopting an abandoned animal from a shelter, is increasingly gaining importance. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate why adoption should be considered first when choosing a pet. Further, the use of pets in shelters as resources for adoption by healthcare institutions and other facilities will be examined. The Lucrative Breeding of Animals for the Pet-Supply Industry It was estimated in 2004 that the American pet-supply industry sales produced profits of over $23 billion every year, and that it would to continue rising. The increase in companion animals is considered by professionals in the industry as a positive sign people are appreciating the value of pets. However, a contrasting picture is revealed by the number of these ‘valued’ pets entering shelters and being euthanized. â€Å"Because the pet-supply industry is so lucrative, businesses put significant effort into marketing their pr oducts to the pet consumer† (Fournier & Geller 61). Media advertising also plays a major role in pet-supply sales, thereby contributing to overpopulation of pet animals. â€Å"Puppy mills† is the descriptive, derogatory term used for dog breeding farms that produce and supply puppies to pet stores. Strategies to terminate such enterprises include â€Å"educational programs to encourage adoption of pets from animal shelters† (Guither 108), promoting legislation to regulate and license dog breeding enterprises, and requiring pet stores to give the source of the animals they offer for sale. Some animal rights groups claim that policies have not been enforced against commercial dog breeding, and inspectors have not examined the animals in commercial breeding facilities. People wanting to buy a pet are advised by animal rights groups to buy from small family enterprises where puppies are well cared for and free from disease. Most animal welfare organizations â€Å"pr omote spaying and neutering to reduce the number of unwanted animals being born† (Guither 108). These campaigns have resulted in reducing the euthanization of homeless dogs and cats at the shelters. The Abandonment of Pets at Animal Shelters In the United States, every year millions of dogs and other companion animals are abandoned by their owners at animal shelters. Organizations such as the Humane Society operate thousands of shelters across the country, and do their best to provide temporary housing and other services to abandoned animals. Crucially, they attempt to find the animals permanent homes. Unfortunately, however, the numbers of abandoned animals are far greater than the number of people and families wanting to adopt them. Consequently, millions of animals are put to death every year to make room for new pets brought to the shelters. â€Å"One of the reasons most often cited by people who leave their former pets, usually dogs, at animal shelters is that the animal s engage in problem behaviors† (McDonald, Caso & Fugit 311) that their owners find difficult to deal with. Most of the members of animal rights groups do not approve of pet owning, considering it to be unethical, and a form of â€Å"fascism† or dictatorship, based on Americans’ treatment of their pets as materialistic commodities. To maintain ethical values in pet ownership, Guither (p.107) states that stewardship and not ownership should be the norm for companion animal care. The services offered by shelters, spaying and neute

Dematologic Disease or Condition Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dematologic Disease or Condition Report - Essay Example It is irregular in shape, and lacks raised wheals or pustular abscesses. No ecchymoses, petechiae, any other sign of epidermal or subdermal injury or damage are present near the hyperpigmented area (Calonje, 2009). There are several acneform papular lesions near the center of the patch (Rivers & Wiseman, 2010). No evidence of ulcers of any type is seen. Testing: Patient was sent for surgical biopsy, with the incision to be made at the center of the hyperpigmented area. Biopsy results are negative for malignancy and infection. The biopsy showed smooth muscle bundles within the dermis and an excess of melanocytes in the affected area, confirming diagnosis of Beckers nevus. (Rivers & Wiseman, 2010). Treatment/Plan: Prognosis is good, as the area appears to be a benign lesion. Patient has been warned to expect hypertrichosis on the area, and referred to a laser hair removal center. Neither dermabrasion nor cryosurgery is indicated, as the pigmentation is within the dermal layers and cannot be removed in this manner. The condition is non-infectious, so treatment with antibiotics, antifungals, or parasiticides is unneccessary (Book, Glass, & Laude, 1997). Keratolytics will be similarly unhelpful at treating the pigmentation, despite sun exposure being a possible correlating factor (Tymen et al., 1981). Further treatment is not necessary except on cosmetic grounds; however, if desired by the patient, laser treatment can reduce the excess pigmentation (Rivers & Wiseman, 2010). Patient has been told to return for further examination if the lesion shows major changes, excepting mild erythema resulting from laser treatments or

What is Education's Purpose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What is Education's Purpose - Essay Example There are two leading thoughts today about the overall purpose of education. The main goal of education is to teach the students what they need to know to go out into the world. But what is being taught in school is not coming across that way. The core subjects of Math, Science, Social Studies, and English are all needed to be taught to every student throughout the time they are in school. How a teacher goes about teaching their students the information is now what's at stake. In â€Å"School's Out† by Daniel Pink, he tells the reader that most of the classrooms have the smell of nostalgia, not of the students churning their mind. He also, shows the reader that public schools are not even up to date with the technology that is in the classrooms, making it that much harder on the teachers trying to help bring the next generations along into the world to be productive citizens of their perspective nations. As education goes on, the students, particularly those in the United States, are not keeping up with other students from foreign nations. Education's purpose is to teach the students what they need to know to go on and be successful in the world.... Daniel Pink shows the reader that even though the purpose of education is to attain knowledge and be successful in the world, maybe learning in public schools is not helping the students after all. In â€Å"School's Out†, Pink tells the reader that the children who attend public schools are being out tested by the students who are home schooled. He goes on to tell us that with the ever changing economy and the collapse of company after company, that more people are going into small business for themselves or becoming the ever growing population of the workforce that is creating its income through the use of the internet. He even goes on to state that some people, who have mainstream jobs, are telecommuting from home to their job site never actually having to leave the home to provide the income needed to run the household. He states that education may be headed the same way as the job force. â€Å"Today’s adolescents would be better off pursuing a college degree, jumpi ng directly into the job market, engaging in public service, or taking on a vocational apprenticeship.† (Pink) Pink goes on to explain the different ideals of home schooling which include: â€Å"A renaissance of apprenticeships, a flowering of teenage entrepreneurship, a greater diversity of academic courses, a boom in national service, and a backlash against the standards.† (Pink) Furthermore, he goes on to state that those students who were home schooled, free learners know how to continue their education throughout the rest of their lives. On the other hand, Maya Angelou was very proud of the day she graduated from high school. She shows the reader through a bunch of similes that she uses in the piece and she describes the graduates of her class â€Å"Like travelers with exotic

Dematologic Disease or Condition Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dematologic Disease or Condition Report - Essay Example It is irregular in shape, and lacks raised wheals or pustular abscesses. No ecchymoses, petechiae, any other sign of epidermal or subdermal injury or damage are present near the hyperpigmented area (Calonje, 2009). There are several acneform papular lesions near the center of the patch (Rivers & Wiseman, 2010). No evidence of ulcers of any type is seen. Testing: Patient was sent for surgical biopsy, with the incision to be made at the center of the hyperpigmented area. Biopsy results are negative for malignancy and infection. The biopsy showed smooth muscle bundles within the dermis and an excess of melanocytes in the affected area, confirming diagnosis of Beckers nevus. (Rivers & Wiseman, 2010). Treatment/Plan: Prognosis is good, as the area appears to be a benign lesion. Patient has been warned to expect hypertrichosis on the area, and referred to a laser hair removal center. Neither dermabrasion nor cryosurgery is indicated, as the pigmentation is within the dermal layers and cannot be removed in this manner. The condition is non-infectious, so treatment with antibiotics, antifungals, or parasiticides is unneccessary (Book, Glass, & Laude, 1997). Keratolytics will be similarly unhelpful at treating the pigmentation, despite sun exposure being a possible correlating factor (Tymen et al., 1981). Further treatment is not necessary except on cosmetic grounds; however, if desired by the patient, laser treatment can reduce the excess pigmentation (Rivers & Wiseman, 2010). Patient has been told to return for further examination if the lesion shows major changes, excepting mild erythema resulting from laser treatments or

Business Start-Up from Scratch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business Start-Up from Scratch - Essay Example Smart thinking should be employed in order to have potential for growth (Marinel 5). Factors to consider when starting There are various factors to consider before starting a business. One factor is the area of expertise and knowledge. The entrepreneurs must come together and evaluate the level of expertise in providing the good or service they intend to market through their business. For a business to be successful, the business partners must have some experience in the field in which they want to invest. Many businesses fail due to lack of knowledge. The exposure could come from employment in other companies or organizations offering similar products or services. The knowledge should be reinforced by research into the prospects of the product faring well in the market to avoid frustrations. Every niche of a business requires a specific set of skills and, therefore, some require more expertise than others. The knowledge should be coupled with the desire to succeed. Many starters fai l in business due to diminishing passion once they face hardships. The people who want to start the company must, therefore, have a culmination of passion if the business is to take off the ground (Marinel 5). The second factor to consider is the market and demand for the product. Before investing in the product, it would be necessary to determine how much of the product will be sold in certain duration. This is a crucial marker for projecting the profitability. The main reason for starting a business is to make a profit and profit involves sale volumes. The product should be sold in areas where its demand is felt. Some products do well in the local market while others would do well in the international market. Extensive research should be done in order to determine the area in which the product will have enough demand to sustain the development of the business. The target customers should also be established. This helps in demarcating the market into various segments based on facto rs such as the lifestyle, age, and income. Accuracy in determining a market segment is essential to facilitate the recouping of the initial cost as well as driving the business forward. This becomes facilitated by the products ability to satisfy a need in the market. The product launch should also be timely in order to develop a customer base (Longenecker 28). Competition should be the next factor to consider. The entrepreneurs should be able to determine the level of competition they expect when entering the market. This is critical in determining whether they have a competitive advantage against the already established would be competitors. The competitive advantage receives creation if the customers perceive the product to be of superior quality than the others in the market. The product concept should be judged on the opportunity, for business it creates. A brilliant concept does not necessarily imply a fantastic investment opportunity (Longenecker 29). Technology of making the product should also be considered. With time, technological advances evolve in production of many goods in the market. Technological aspect makes a key factor in increasing the competitive advantage by being able to produce higher units of the product, and increasing the cost effectiveness. Once the product to be marketed has been determined, the investors should evaluate their technology to determine if it will help them satisfy the demand effectively, and whether it will reduce

Visual Basic Programming Language Essay Example for Free

Visual Basic Programming Language Essay A computer program is the set of instructions a computer follows to execute a specific operation that includes to input, process, output and store data to meet unique information needs. Professors John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz of Dartmouth College as a tool to train students in computer programming created the original basic programming language in the 1960s. (Voon Kiong, 2008) The word basic stands for Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. The latest advancement of basic; visual basic programming language has incorporated a graphic interface and event-driven programming. Features of current system It includes several components; first a graphic user interface which provides a fully integrated development environment for easy access to all visual basic development tools. Secondly it incorporates a set of objects such as labels and buttons that can respond to a wide variety of user-initiated events. Thirdly it consists of a vocabulary of statements, methods, and a set of rules for the construction of program codes. Lastly it has the ability to compile stand-alone executable Windows programs. (Mabbutt, 2008) Benefits and uses This programming begins with a form on which the programmer draws all the objects necessary to support the needs of the application and user for example data can be displayed on the in labels that are placed in the form and keyboard input is typically entered via text boxes where command buttons provide access to activities such as printing or exiting the applications. All these are controls which contain both a purpose and a set of predefined events to which they can respond. The programmer writes modules of code called procedures associated with an event of a command button. This approach to programming is a departure from traditional programming that required execution in a top-down manner sequence, which had to be pre-defined. An event-driven program gives the user control over the order in which actions occur. Work cited: Dr. Liew Voon Kiong (2008, 5th November) visual basic tutorial. Retrieved 9th May 2008 Accessed from: http://www. vbtutor. net/ Dan Mabbutt (2008, 7th May). Guide to visual basic. Retrieved 9th May 2008 Accessed from: http://visualbasic. about. com

Purpose Of Different Camera Angles

Purpose Of Different Camera Angles A long shot shows the entire object or human figure and is usually intended to place it in some relation to its surroundings. It has been suggested that long-shot ranges usually correspond to approximately what would be the distance between the front row of the audience and the stage in live theatre. It is now common to refer to a long shot as a wide shot because it often requires the use of a wide-angle lens. A related notion is that of an extreme long shot. This can be taken from as much as a quarter of a mile away, and is generally used as a scene-setting, establishing shot. It normally shows an exterior, e.g. the outside of a building, or a landscape, and is often used to show scenes of thrilling action e.g. in a war film or disaster movie. There will be very little detail visible in the shot, as it is meant to give a general impression rather than specific information. Medium Shot A medium shot is a camera shot from a medium distance. In some standard texts and professional references, a full-length view of a human subject is called a medium shot; in this terminology, a shot of the person from the knees up or the waist up is a close-up shot. In other texts, these partial views are called medium shots. Medium shots are relatively good in showing facial expressions but work well to show body language. Depending where the characters are placed in the shot, a medium shot is used to represent importance and power. Close-Up A close-up tightly frames a person or an object. Close-ups display more detail than a medium or long shot, but they do not include the broader scene. Moving in to a close-up or away from a close-up is a common type of zooming. Close-ups are used in many ways, for many reasons. Close-ups are often used as cutaways from a more distant shot to show detail, such as characters emotions, or some intricate activity with their hands. Close cuts to characters faces are used far more often in television than in movies; they are especially common in soap operas. For a director to deliberately avoid close-ups may create in the audience an emotional distance from the subject matter. Close-ups are used for distinguishing main characters. Major characters are often given a close-up when they are introduced as a way of indicating their importance. Leading characters will have multiple close-ups. Close-up shots do not show the subject in the broad context of its surroundings. If overused, close-ups may leave viewers uncertain as to what they are seeing. Close-ups are rarely done with wide angle lenses, because perspective causes objects in the center of the picture to be unnaturally enlarged. Certain times, different directors will use wide angle lenses, because they can convey the message of confusion, and bring life to certain characters. Aerial Shot Aerial shots are usually done with a crane or with a camera attached to a special helicopter to view large landscapes. A good area to do this shot would be a scene that takes place on a building. If the aerial shot is of a character it can make them seem insignificant or vulnerable. Birds Eye Shot A birds eye shot refers to a shot looking directly down on the subject. The perspective is very foreshortened, making the subject appear short and squat. This shot can be used to give an overall establishing shot of a scene, or to emphasise the smallness or insignificance of the subjects. These shots are normally used for battle scenes or establishing where the character is. Low-Angle Shot A low-angle shot is a shot from a camera positioned low on the vertical axis, anywhere below the eye line, looking up. Over the Shoulder Shot An over the shoulder shot is a shot of someone or something taken over the shoulder of another person. The back of the shoulder and head of this person is used to frame the image of whatever (or whomever) the camera is pointing toward. This type of shot is very common when two characters are having a discussion and will usually follow an establishing shot which helps the audience place the characters in their setting. Point of View Shot A point of view (POV) shot is a short film scene that shows what a character (the subject) is looking at (represented through the camera). It is usually established by being positioned between a shot of a character looking at something, and a shot showing the characters reaction. A POV shot need not be the strict point-of-view of an actual single character in a film. Sometimes the point-of-view shot is taken over the shoulder of the character (third person), who remains visible on the screen. Sometimes a POV shot is shared (dual or triple), i.e. it represents the joint POV of two (or more) characters. There is also the nobody POV, where a shot is taken from the POV of a non-existent character. This often occurs when an actual POV shot is implied, but the character is removed. Sometimes the character is never present at all, despite a clear POV shot. A POV shot need not be established by strictly visual means. The manipulation of diegetic sounds can be used to emphasize a particular characters POV. It makes little sense to say that a shot is inherently POV; it is the editing of the POV shot within a sequence of shots that determines POV. Nor can the establishment of a POV shot be isolated from other elements of filmmaking mise en scene, acting, camera placement, editing, and special effects can all contribute to the establishment of POV. With some POV shots when an animal is the chosen character, the shot will look distorted or black and white. Reverse Shot Shot reverse shot is a film technique wherein one character is shown looking at another character (often off-screen), and then the other character is shown looking back at the first character. Since the characters are shown facing in opposite directions, the viewer assumes that they are looking at each other. Shot reverse shot is a feature of the classical Hollywood style of continuity editing, which deemphasizes transitions between shots such that the audience perceives one continuous action that develops linearly, chronologically, and logically. It is in fact an example of an eye line match. Two Shot A Two shot is a type of shot where the frame encompasses a view of two people (the subjects). The subjects do not have to be next to each other, and there are many common two-shots which have one subject in the foreground and the other subject in the background. The shots are also used to show the emotional reactions between the subjects. An American two shot shows the two heads facing each other in profile to the camera. Establishing Shot An establishing shot sets up, or establishes, a scenes setting and/or its participants. Typically it is a shot at the beginning (or, occasionally, end) of a scene indicating where, and sometimes when, the remainder of the scene takes place. Establishing shots may use famous landmarks such as the Eiffel Tower, the Colosseum, the Empire State Building, or the Statue of Liberty to identify a city. Alternatively, an establishing shot might just be a long shot of a room that shows all the characters from a particular scene. A close-up shot can also be used at the beginning of a scene to establish the setting. Establishing shots were more common during the classical era of filmmaking than they are now. Todays filmmakers tend to skip the establishing shot in order to move the scene along more quickly. In addition, scenes in mysteries and the like often wish to obscure the setting and its participants and thus avoid clarifying them with an establishing shot. An establishing shot may also establish a concept, rather than a location. For example, opening with a martial arts drill visually establishes the theme of martial arts. Master Shot A master shot is a film recording of an entire dramatized scene, from start to finish, from an angle that keeps all the players in view. It is often a long shot and can sometimes perform a double function as an establishing shot. Usually, the master shot is the first shot checked off during the shooting of a scene-it is the foundation of what is called camera coverage, other shots that reveal different aspects of the action, groupings of two or three of the actors at crucial moments, close-ups of individuals, insert shots of various props, and so on. Freeze Frame Shot A freeze frame shot is used when one shot is printed in a single frame several times, in order to make an interesting illusion of a still photograph. Freeze frame is also a drama medium term used in which, during a live performance, the actors/actresses will freeze at a particular, pre-meditated time, to enhance a particular scene, or to show an important moment in the play/production. The image can then be further enhanced by spoken word, in which each character tells their personal thoughts regarding the situation, giving the audience further insight into the meaning, plot or hidden story of the play/production/scene. This is known as thought tracking, another Drama Medium. Insert Shot An insert is a shot of part of a scene as filmed from a different angle and/or focal length from the master shot. Inserts cover action already covered in the master shot, but emphasize a different aspect of that action due to the different framing. An insert is different from a cutaway in that the cutaway is of action not covered in the master shot. There are more exact terms to use when the new, inserted shot is another view of actors: close-up, head shot, knee shot, two shot. So the term insert is often confined to views of objectsand body parts, other than the head. Thus: CLOSE-UP of the gunfighter, INSERT of his hand quivering above the holster, TWO SHOT of his friends watching anxiously, INSERT of the clock ticking. Often inserts of this sort are done separately from the main action, by a second-unit director using stand-ins. Inserts and cutaways can both be vexatious for directors, as care must be taken to preserve continuity by keeping the objects in the same relative position as in the main take, and having the lighting the same. Special Effects used in Martial Art Films Bluescreen/Chroma Key Chroma keying is a technique for mixing two images or frames together in which a colour (or a small colour range) from one image is removed (or made transparent), revealing another image behind it. This technique is also referred to as colour keying, colour-separation overlay (CSO; primarily by the BBC), greenscreen, and bluescreen. It is commonly used for weather forecast broadcasts, wherein the presenter appears to be standing in front of a large map, but in the studio it is actually a large blue or green background. The meteorologist stands in front of a bluescreen, and then different weather maps are added on those parts in the image where the colour is blue. If the meteorologist himself wears blue clothes, his clothes will become replaced with the background video. This also works for greenscreens, since blue and green are considered the colours least like skin tone. This technique is also used in the entertainment industry, the iconic theatre shots in Mystery Science Theater 3000, for example. Describe Relate Bullet Time Bullet Time refers to a digitally enhanced simulation of variable speed (i.e. slow motion, time-lapseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) photography used in films, broadcast advertisements and video games. It is characterized both by its extreme transformation of time (slow enough to show normally imperceptible and un-filmable events, such as flying bullets) and space (by way of the ability of the camera angle-the audiences point-of-view-to move around the scene at a normal speed while events are slowed). The first movie to use the Bullet Time technique was Blade in 1998, where bullets were computer-generated and digitally implemented. However, the actual term Bullet Time is a registered trademark of Warner Bros., the distributor of The Matrix. It was formerly a trademark of 3D Realms, producer of the Max Payne games. This is almost impossible with conventional slow-motion, as the physical camera would have to move impossibly fast; the concept implies that only a virtual camera, often illustrated within the confines of a computer-generated environment such as a game or virtual reality, would be capable of filming bullet-time types of moments. Technical and historical variations of this effect have been referred to as time slicing, view morphing, slow-mo, temps mort and virtual cinematography. Describe Relate Computer-generated Imagery Computer-generated imagery (also known as CGI) is the application of the field of computer graphics or, more specifically, 3D computer graphics to special effects in films, television programs, commercials, simulators and simulation generally, and printed media. Video games usually use real-time computer graphics (rarely referred to as CGI), but may also include pre-rendered cut scenes and intro movies that would be typical CGI applications. These are sometimes referred to as FMV (Full motion video). CGI is used for visual effects because computer generated effects are more controllable than other more physically based processes, such as constructing miniatures for effects shots or hiring extras for crowd scenes, and because it allows the creation of images that would not be feasible using any other technology. It can also allow a single graphic artist to produce such content without the use of actors, expensive set pieces, or props. 3D computer graphics software is used to make computer-generated imagery for movies, etc. Recent availability of CGI software and increased computer speeds have allowed individual artists and small companies to produce professional grade films, games, and fine art from their home computers. This has brought about an Internet subculture with its own set of global celebrities, clichà ©s, and technical vocabulary. Simulators, particularly flight simulators, and simulation generally, make extensive use of CGI techniques for representing the Outside World. Describe Relate Digital Compositing Digital compositing is the process of digitally assembling multiple images to make a final image, typically for print, motion pictures or screen display. It is the evolution into the digital realm of optical film compositing. Describe Relate Stop Trick A stop trick is a film special effect. It occurs when an object is filmed, then while the camera is off, the object is moved out of sight of the camera, and then the camera is turned back on. When the film is watched it thus seems to the viewer that object disappears. Georges Mà ©lià ¨s accidentally developed the stop trick while filming street traffic in Paris. The gate mechanism of his camera jammed; the traffic continued moving normally but Mà ©lià ¨ss camera stopped filming until he could free the gate mechanism. Later, when he screened the printed footage of the street traffic, he was astonished to see an omnibus suddenly turn into a hearse. What actually happened is that the omnibus moved out of frame after the camera jammed, to be replaced by the hearse before the camera continued filming. Mà ©lià ¨s used this technique to do magical tricks. For example, he would film a magician and a girl; the magician would make a gesture and Melies stopped the camera. He told the girl to go out of sight and started the camera again. When viewing the finished film, it looked like the girl disappeared suddenly after the magicians gesture. This technique is not to be confused with the stop motion technique, in which the entire shot is created frame-by-frame. The television series Bewitched made frequent usage of the stop-trick technique. Describe Relate Stop Motion Stop-motion (also known as stop-action or frame-by-frame) is an animation technique to make a physically manipulated object appear to move on its own. The object is moved in small increments between individually photographed frames, creating the illusion of movement when the series of frames is played as a continuous sequence. Clay figures are often used in stop-motion for their ease of repositioning. Stop-motion animation using clay is described as clay animation or clay-mation. Describe Relate Camera Techniques used in fight scenes Long Lens Stunt The most basic approach to shooting a violent punch is one of the most effective. The very first punch thrown in Fight Club was shot this way, and its used again throughout the film, so it cant be bad. Speed Punch Wf Matching Motion Wf Knock Down Wf Cutting For Impact Wf Down on the Floor Wf Off-Screen Violence Wf The Moment of Defeat Wf

Deviation from Genre in Hitchcock’s Movie, Vertigo :: Movie Film Essays

Deviation from Genre in Hitchcock’s Movie, Vertigo When a director achieves great success, as Hitchcock did, he is able to follow a formula, much like a genre does, for future success. Further, a successful director is able to do a genre movie but place his own personal touch on it; in doing so, he ignores the formula that has thus far brought the genre so much success. Knighted as the â€Å"Master of Suspense,† Hitchcock was well known for his witty dialogue and genius plot twists. But Hitchcock’s true mastery came through in his ability to enshroud one story within another. In Vertigo, Hitchcock reveals the twist, that an imposter was hired so that the real Madeleine could be murdered, halfway through the film. The bold tactic breaks the formulaic structure we expect from a murder mystery, in which solutions always come at the end. It risks unsettling the viewer, particularly on an initial viewing of the film. However, by dispensing with formula, Hitchcock shifts the emphasis of the story from murder to character, a potentially deeper subject than the typical whodunit conundrum. It is after this revelation that Hitchcock’s true movie shines through. The mystery is solved for the audience, but James Stewart’s character â€Å"Scotty† is still haunted by the memory of his possessed love. His possession takes him so far that he attempts to remake a woman (Judy) that reminds him of his beloved Madeleine into the actual woman. With the movie now a â€Å"love† story, Hitchcock was able to elude yet another genre. His twisted approach on a relationship based on obsession with a dead woman garners pity for both Judy, who is something of an accomplice to the murder of the real Madeleine, and for Scotty, who actually fell in love with the woman he is trying to make into a woman he never met. And so Hitchcock is able to pose a stunning question: Did Scotty fall in love with Judy or her impression of Madeleine? This answer is impossible to know, with Scotty never having met the real Madeleine or getting the chance to know Judy for who she is b ecause she ironically falls to her death just as Madeleine did. It is the very departure from genre that may warrant the success of a film. Perhaps the formula has been done too many times, leaving the audience unfulfilled, or the very topic no longer holds any interest.

Criteria for Performance Evaluation Essay -- Human Resource Management

Introduction Human resource policies and procedures are the most important aspects of developing acceptable organizational behavior in an organization. This is because mutual well-being, confidence, trust, and intelligence of all members of the organization determines the success of the organization hence the need to pay critical attention to it. The mid-sized manufacturing plant’s engineer hired for the modification of the plant had positive job performance credentials but poor interpersonal relations and tidiness at work place. This situation put the plant manager in a difficult position when it came to developing a well outline assessment of the engineer. Criteria for Performance Evaluation The three sets of performance evaluation mechanisms that brought concerns for the manager and the employee in the current evaluation structure included poor relationships with co-workers, personal characteristics, and behavior. These points of concern were particularly causing friction between the manager since the employee maintained that his performance was above reproach and produced results. However, despite the engineer’s concerns, the three most commonly used assessment criteria are behavior, performance standards, and skills and competency (Mayhew, 2010). Skills and competency refer to the solid technical knowledge an employee applies in accomplishing tasks. The ability to perform tasks for which one was hired and to meet organizational objectives set for him is fundamental in performance evaluation. Performance standards refer to what an employee must do to meet the manager’s expectations and normally include how proactive an employee is in handling his wo rk (Mayhew, 2010). The behavior of an employee is crucial bec... ...the use of external mechanisms on specific roles played by different employees. External evaluators minimize the impact of biases; promote strict professionalism and promotion of assessment by members of a similar profession, as well as the promotion of employee confidence in the organizations intentions. Works Cited Anonymous. (2009). Performance Appraisal Biases. Retrieved May 30, 2012, from Management Study Guide: http://managementstudyguide.com/performance-appraisal-bias.htm Kelchner, L., & Media, D. (2011). Three Common Performance Evaluation Methods. Retrieved May 30, 2012, from Small Business: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/three-common-performance-evaluation-methods-23608.html Mayhew, R. (2010). Job Performance Evaluation Criteria. Retrieved May 30, 2012, from e-How Money: http://www.ehow.com/info_8083608_job-performance-evaluation-criteria.html Criteria for Performance Evaluation Essay -- Human Resource Management Introduction Human resource policies and procedures are the most important aspects of developing acceptable organizational behavior in an organization. This is because mutual well-being, confidence, trust, and intelligence of all members of the organization determines the success of the organization hence the need to pay critical attention to it. The mid-sized manufacturing plant’s engineer hired for the modification of the plant had positive job performance credentials but poor interpersonal relations and tidiness at work place. This situation put the plant manager in a difficult position when it came to developing a well outline assessment of the engineer. Criteria for Performance Evaluation The three sets of performance evaluation mechanisms that brought concerns for the manager and the employee in the current evaluation structure included poor relationships with co-workers, personal characteristics, and behavior. These points of concern were particularly causing friction between the manager since the employee maintained that his performance was above reproach and produced results. However, despite the engineer’s concerns, the three most commonly used assessment criteria are behavior, performance standards, and skills and competency (Mayhew, 2010). Skills and competency refer to the solid technical knowledge an employee applies in accomplishing tasks. The ability to perform tasks for which one was hired and to meet organizational objectives set for him is fundamental in performance evaluation. Performance standards refer to what an employee must do to meet the manager’s expectations and normally include how proactive an employee is in handling his wo rk (Mayhew, 2010). The behavior of an employee is crucial bec... ...the use of external mechanisms on specific roles played by different employees. External evaluators minimize the impact of biases; promote strict professionalism and promotion of assessment by members of a similar profession, as well as the promotion of employee confidence in the organizations intentions. Works Cited Anonymous. (2009). Performance Appraisal Biases. Retrieved May 30, 2012, from Management Study Guide: http://managementstudyguide.com/performance-appraisal-bias.htm Kelchner, L., & Media, D. (2011). Three Common Performance Evaluation Methods. Retrieved May 30, 2012, from Small Business: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/three-common-performance-evaluation-methods-23608.html Mayhew, R. (2010). Job Performance Evaluation Criteria. Retrieved May 30, 2012, from e-How Money: http://www.ehow.com/info_8083608_job-performance-evaluation-criteria.html

The Dark Child

The Dark Child Camara Laye wrote The Dark Child to oppose stereotypes that have become part of western culture. When most westerners think about Africa they think of an undeveloped country that is stricken by poverty and primitive behavior. The dark child is an autobiography of Camara Laye’s youth and his early life growing in to adulthood. Camara Laye grew up in the town of Kouroussa on the inland plain of French Guinea in the Malinke tribe. His father was a well-renounced blacksmith and a man of tradition but he wanted a Western education for his son.Around the center of this book is where Camara Laye describes his initiation into adulthood at about the age of thirteen. He and the other boys sing while they enter the forest where they kneel with closed eyes with a roar of many lions surrounding them. Later he discovers the â€Å"rational† explanations for these frightening events, but he is wise enough to recognize that for the boys who take part in it, the ceremony i s still a true test of courage, and a real division between childhood and adulthood.The actual circumcision comes later, which he describes as â€Å"a really dangerous ordeal, and no game† Upon his return to the village, he is moved to his own hut, separated from his mother and father and he is given new â€Å"men's clothes† with quiet gratitude. This scene closes with Camara turning to his mother to thank her, who he finds standing quietly behind him, smiling at him sadly. Shortly after moving into his hut, Camara leaves at 15 years of age to attend â€Å"Ecole Georges Poiret, now known as the technical college† in Guinea's capital city of Conakry.His mother warns him to â€Å"be careful with strangers† and sends him off on a train to live with his Uncles Sekou and Mamadou in Conakry. In the school, Camara encounters difficult language barriers and a hot, humid climate more severe than his home in Koroussa. In his new school it is evident that it is more colonized. Camara lives the life of a typical college student by studying at school and going home during the breaks. As he experiences the European education, he adopts the culture associated with it.His mother changed the way his hut looks to give it a more European look, which he notices. He is aware of because the changes were making â€Å"the hut more comfortable. † Several years after leaving for Conakry, Camara returns home with his â€Å"proficiency certificate† and an offer from the director of his school to continue his studies through a scholarship, in France. While his uncles and father support and encourage him to take the foreign study opportunity, his mother is forbids him to accept the offer.He decided to accept the offer despite his mother's resistance to the idea, and parts with her and his father all while his mother was shouting insults and pushing him away. She then fell into a heap of tears, turning her anger instead to the European influences. H is father gave him with a map of city transportation of the Paris Metro in France. His father gives him the physical, practical tools for surviving in the city, but with that comes a theoretical compass directing the learning and success of his son. The mixed emotions of fear, excitement, anxiety and sadness cultivate with Camara crying as he goes to exit the plane.

Marijuana Legalization Outline

The Legalization of Marijuana Thesis Statement: The legalization of marijuana in the United States would create a drastic change by forming a more productive society through all of the positive uses of cannabis, physically, economically, and socially. I. Examination of the plant A. The other common names—hemp, cannabis, bud, and weed B. Society’s views on the plant are very stereotypical 1. Known as harmful, deathly, and hazardous 2. It is said that one’s attitude can be alarming and harmful to others C. Marijuana can be consumed in baked goods, vaporized, or even brewed 1. Brownies can be cooked with marijuana . Tea or coffee can be brewed with the plant D. THC is the main chemical 1. The amount can be regulated 2. It determines the strength of the high E. Marijuana has been proved to help and cure many diseases and health problems 1. Glaucoma, epilepsy, arthritis, chronic pain, and depression can be cured and prevented with the use of marijuana 2. Marijuana can even help one with aids II. Past legality in the United States A. At one point in time, it was 100% legal 1. It was one of the largest agricultural crops in the world 2. The first law to exist in the U. S. was a law demanding the U. S. armers to grow hemp B. In 1920, cannabis, hemp, and marijuana became illegal 1. It remained illegal until World War II 2. In 1948, all forms of marijuana were illegal again and still remains to be illegal. III. The United States’ debt and taxation A. As of February of 2013, the national debt was $16,797,828,899,087. B. The death rates are more common for other abused substances 1. 50,000 people each year die from alcohol poisoning. 2. More than 400,000 deaths are attributed to tobacco smoking. 3. There are zero deaths related to the use of cannabis. C. The amount of Americans who smoke is substantial . 25 million Americans smoke marijuana in the past year. 2. More than 14 million people smoke regularly. D. Enforcing marijuana prohibition costs taxpayers an estimated $10 billion annually. 1. More than 750,000 individuals are arrested per year 2. The amount of money taxpayers pay to equip the state and federal prison facilities is substantial and would decrease with the legalization of marijuana IV. Regulations in stores vs. on the streets A. Cigarettes and alcohol are monitored 1. One must be 18 to purchase any tobacco product 2. One must be 21 to purchase an alcoholic beverage B.Marijuana is sold on the streets to anyone who wishes to purchase it 1. The legalization could help prevent the smoking of underage teens 2. Crime rates would decrease, as well as drug cartels V. Dangers A. Studies of the harm to the body caused by marijuana 1. It shows no sign of brain cell damage 2. Not one case of lung cancer has been found caused solely by marijuana B. Overdose will not occur if one smoked too much 1. One would have to smoke 750 joints in about 20 minutes 2. One wouldn’t die from smoking marijuana where the death would be caused from carbon monoxide poisoning VI.California A. Decriminalized Marijuana 1. California was the first state to decriminalize it 2. The crime percentage dropped by 24% VII. Legalization in Colorado and Washington A. Illegal to anyone under the age of 21 1. An adult can legally possess up to 1oz of dried marijuana, 16oz of marijuana solids (edibles), and 72oz of cannabis infused liquids 2. Minors are still arrested and/or charged and will face sentencing B. Public consumption would remain a violation in both states, but a civil, not criminal, one 1. Crime rates have decreased 2. Debt has decreased

Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Obesity - Essay Example The success of obesity-reducing strategies is highly unlikely without the utilization of research as a foundational tool in the design process. A 2012 study by Epstein and colleagues examines two different approaches to childhood obesity intervention designs. The researchers conducted this research with the goal of illuminating differences in several outcome measures between groups based on the focus of the intervention being either a reduction in high energy-dense food consumption, or an increase in dietary components with low energy density. A multitude of additional variables were also included in the analysis, and are described below. This study primarily relies on the use of inferential statistics, though a number baseline descriptive measurements (age, gender, height, weight, percent overweight, body mass index, and diet trends) are appropriately added to the report. The primary dependent variable in this experiment is the change in standardized body mass index (zBMI) associated with each group, as measured at three different time periods following the implementation of an intervention program (0-6 months, 0-12 months, and 0-24 months). Secondary dependent variables were also evaluated at these intervals, including changes in eating behaviors like food choices, and the results of questionnaires related to parenting changes. The independent factor in this study was the dietary focus on either reducing high energy-dense food consumption, or increasing low energy-density ingestion. The population of focus for this study was composed only of children between the ages of eight and twelve who are able to read above a grade three level, are in a percentile higher than the 85th of the BMI average, are not currently on other weight loss treatments including pharmaceuticals, have parents who are not in weight loss programs, have at least one parent willing to participate in the study, and dont have any physical or psychological

Critically Discuss the Suitability, Feasibility and Acceptability of Essay

Critically Discuss the Suitability, Feasibility and Acceptability of the International Strategy of Amazon.com Organisation - Essay Example Amazon.Com has been one of the initial companies to sell goods over the web. The company was founded by Jeff Bezos in 1994, and launched to the worldwide market in 1995. Initially, the company started as an online bookstore and then rapidly broadened into different divisions such as Video Home System tapes and DVDs, music CDs, software, video games, electronic goods, toys, furniture and clothing as well as food items. Amazon considers its existence as entirely customer-centric business, which is focused on their company statement or the value of the organisation. The organisational value of Amazon is guided by certain leadership principles. These principles include customer obsession which intends to consider at the centre-stage for each and every customer who visit their online retail site. Furthermore, the company’s ownership is also a valuable component for its progression for the long-term. The organisational values also consider sustaining utmost standards of the offering s and to hire as well as develop the best possible talents within the organisation. (Amazon. Com Inc., 2012). The main objective of this report is to analyse the international strategic plans of Amazon and to discuss the appropriateness, practicability as well as the adequacy of international strategies implemented by Amazon. The Strategy of Amazon in the International Business The notion of business strategy is concerned with the marketing of products and/or services as well as it also involves decision making about economic aspects, human resource strategies, manufacturing and operations along with certain other business components. The main purpose of a strategic business plan in an organisation is to set the direction of the business and to provide the company a set structure so that the products or the services it provides can meet the selected business objectives or the goals of the organisation (Open Office, 2004). The e-marketing plan provides a wide road map for the success of an e-business organisation such as Amazon. It is necessary to create a spontaneo us overview of a good market plan which ensures a complete understanding of the e-business model. E-business model describes the architecture of information delivery along with its available products and services as well as the complete picture of sources of revenues (Embellix Software, 2000). Marketing management is a very necessary aspect because the business of Amazon operates in hostile and altering multifarious environment. The ability of a business to achieve profitable sales is impacted by a large number of environmental factors. Marketing plan is useful in a business which assists to recognise a source of competitive advantage, enables to commit to a strategy, get the resources needed to invest in the business, as well as to measure the performance of the business in a particular environment (Serrat, 2008). There are certain strategic levels which are needed to be analysed for understanding the international strategy of Amazon and their appropriateness, practicability and ad equacy. Market Development Level With regard to the corporate objectives of an organisation, marketing planning provides an important framework. In relation to marketing planning, market development plays a crucial part in an organisation’s international strategy (Embellix Software, 2000). In this context, for market development, Amazon has acquired a specific growth prospect, advantages and cost effectiveness through their e-tailing

Representations of Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Representations of Love - Essay Example This essay compares and contrasts Shakespeare's ideas about love in three of his most popular plays, Midsummer Night's Dream, The Merchant of Venice and Twelfth Night. The play Midsummer night's dream revolves around the fundamental difficulties of love. Through out the play this universal concept has been discussed through the effective use of contrast. Shakespeare has used symbolism to develop his ideas in the play and to present a fair view regarding the theme. In Act I, scene I Theseus and Hippolyta discuss their wedding which is to scheduled in four days, from here the story begins and the play gradually describes the ideas of love and the magical powers of dreams. Shakespeare presents his personal views on love with the help of this play. An analysis of the play points out that Shakespeare was of the view that although love is a beautiful emotion cherished by all individuals but finding love is the hardest of all as an individual has to face a lot of tension and stress to find love. The central idea of the play is to prove that a childish love, which is known as teenage love, is foolish in nature. He has included four central characters in the play which are young children who fall in love with the young girls. Eventually at the end of the play, they discover their foolishness. William successfully conveyed his message that teenage love is slightly foolish in nature. The other play under scrutiny is the Twelfth Night which is most simply put is a story of cross dressing and mistaken identity. It is filled with sexual tension between characters and poetic words on love. Twelfth Night is nearly as much a study of service and master-servant relations as it is a comedy of romantic love. The relationships and tensions between lovers are clearly discernible in the play's manifold variations. Viola's status as Orsino's servant is the condition of possibility and impossibility of her love for him and also of Olivia's erotic desire for her as Cesario; Orsino himself embodies courtly infatuation as a form of service in his dotage on Olivia; Malvolio exemplifies, Sonnet-like, the servant's fantasy of social elevation through erotic conquest; Antonio's homoerotic affection for Sebastian restates in a different key courtly devotion to the belove. O spirit of love, how quick and fresh art thou, That notwithstanding thy capacity Receiveth as the sea, naught enters there, Of what validity and pitch so'er, But falls into abatement and low price Even in a minute. (1.1.9-14) Orsino's opening meditation on his unrequited love for Olivia encompasses some of the most famous lines and images in the whole Shakespeare canon. The lines also identify the major themes and concerns of Twelfth Night. In the lines above, the references to love and to the sea encompass elements that will resound throughout the action of the play. Orsino compares the capacity of love to the capacity of the ocean in its ability to be. The third play is the Merchant of Venice which centers on the struggle between Portia and Antonio for Bassanio's affection, or the competition between friendship and marriage. In the Elizabethan context Antonio and Bassanio's relationship does not

Graphic aid Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Graphic aid - Assignment Example On the other hand, Apple’s share price has seen a more dramatic increase in terms of absolute amounts, rising sharply from the low of about US 400 dollars to peak highs of US 700 dollars (Yahoo! Finance, 2012; Google Finance, 2012). On the other hand, focusing on the most recent performance of the stocks, it is clear that while Samsung’s share price has plateaud somewhat with the share price stabilizing around 1.3 million Korean wons, the share of Apple from the most recent poll has seen a kind of dramatic drop. In the plot, one can see that from the high of US 700 dollars, the most recent share prices are below US 600 dollars. The prognosis for Apple moving forward is a bit shaky, and the recent drop in the stock price may be an indication that the investing public is not so enamored with the prospects of the company in 2013 and onwards, given the more recent missteps made by the company relating to core technologies for its smart phone, as well as missteps relating to the way it has priced its new tablet offerings as well. In contrast, Samsung’s price reflects some stability (Lappin, 2012; Yahoo! Finance, 2012; Google Finance, 2012). The images tell a story, from the point of view of Apple, about how Samsung smart phone designs have evolved over time, and with the iPhone introduction as the mark point for comparing how Samsung designs changed with that milestone. This graphic has been used by Apple’s lawyers before the court to make their case with regard to their claim that Samsung basically copied the smart phone designs of Apple and iPhone. Prior to the introduction of the iPhone in 2007, the graphic shows that Samsung phone designs were largely rounded at the bottom, many with keypads, and had small screens. There were also navigation buttons at the center, and in all the phones reflected older design paradigms for

Managing Innovation and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Managing Innovation and Change - Essay Example According to the article â€Å"Employee Environmental innovation in the firms: organizational and Managerial† propagates ethical competence where collective organizational efforts are required to instill values of different employees. Formidable decisions and their outcomes are positive and reflect in the organizational behavior that ignites and maintains the firm’s standards for creativity and quality innovations. Businesspersons require being visionary people who are both original and goal oriented. According to â€Å"Managing Innovation and Change† by David Mayle, Encapsulates Competency in communication where capabilities to incorporate viable methodologies in transmitting new ideological proposals are upheld to the uttermost. This relies heavily on individual communication skills, pinpointing relevant information and ideas and the ability to give direct examples of behavioral causes and their effects. Therefore, modern technology revolutionizes communication and the management of the business. According to â€Å"Organizational Behavior† by Don Hellriegel and John W. Slocum, Expounds on competency in diversity whereby a firm should recognize the importance of its employees as well as identifying organizational strengths and weak points.There should be unity among firm employees regardless of their backgrounds and traits. Strategic positioning of employees in different geographical areas is also important in order to develop quality ideas and products. Based on the â€Å"Organizational Innovation: studies of program change in community Agencies† emphasis is put on the usefulness of excellent and reliable communication channels and skills among employees working in a firm’s production line. Efficiency and effectiveness of the firm are dependent on formidable communication skills. â€Å"Organizational Behavior: from Theory to Practice† defines organizational behavior as the studying of people, processes, and pra ctices that affect individual and organizational operations. Trait differences should not compromise employees’ unity working in the firm. According to the article â€Å"Organizational Behavior: Integrating Individuals, Groups, and Organization† embracing information technology connects a firm to its suppliers, employees, clients, and the world in general. Advertising of products is objective plus the organizational and employees’ interests are all catered for excellently.