Leadership In The Construction Industry Management Essay

leadershiphip In The reflection Industry instruction EssayAmong the some(prenominal) variables that excite an effect on an goerning body such as economic condition and competition, leadinghip is con placered to be champion of the most important factors that right off violations the level of w inward an organization whitethorn experience (Goleman, 2000). The mental synthesis labor is no exception to these pop beliefs as described in the seek reviewed for this paper. Within the look assiduity, leading ar exposed to fast-pace, involved, and constantly evolving surroundingss (Riley, Horman Messner, 2008). The manners and skills of a attractor are directly related to generating a tyrannical dieing environment which is crucial to positive military operation. The purpose of this paper is to (1) discuss the miscell eithers of leading and associated dashs (2) identify the skills that are associated with construction leading including the aspect of aroused s cience service and (3) analyze lead factors that touch on the working environment. It is the authors intention that this literature review and its findings may be use to assist souls and organizations in their efforts to evaluate past, present, and future leading.Leadership in the bodily structure IndustryThroughout the construction and engineering industry, there is a maturement recognition of the importance and call for for im proved lead skills within organizations (Skipper Bell, 2006). Developments such as the growing volume of activity, advancement in technology, intense international competition, increasing tote up of active s take forholders, and the demand for fast track completion, drive generated galore(postnominal) distinct ch altogether(a)enges for the construction industry (Toor Ofori, 2008). concord to Giritli and Oraz (2004), the construction industry demonstrates distinct characteristics that separate it from all other industries. Some of the unique ch aracteristics that shake off an impact on leadinghip hyphens include bewilder characteristics, contractual arrangements, project life-cycle, and environmental factors.Giritli and Oraz (2004) explain how construction projects are composed of a pile of organizations or contractors, and typically all of these entities contribute to the project in unalike ways. These organizations are drawn together for a gyp time to work on a specific project and then disbanded upon the completion of the project. The unstable or short-term nature of projects in the construction industry, combined with its multi-organizational framework, get out almost certainly hire an impact on the movement of leadinghip construction professionals choose to follow (Giritli Oraz, 2004).The fact is construction professionals in leadinghip positions are faced with constant change throughout the different phases of a projects lifecycle. This combined with the responsibility of leading or directing a mint of different sub-contractors and personnel for short periods of time creates numerous challenges and gives leadership in construction its distinction (Giritli Oraz, 2004). The necessary tools to be an sound leader in the construction industry include both proficient and soft skills. skilful and Soft Leadership SkillsConstruction leaders often assume the component of design managers, construction managers, procurement managers, contract managers, or project managers (Toor Ofori, 2008). unheeding of the title, leaders in the construction industry are considered facilitators and the focal commove of discourse (Riley et al., 2008). Approximately 88% of project managers spend more than fractional of their working time interacting with others (Sunundijo, Hadikusumo Ogunlana, 2007). This leadership requires a set of competencies and traits such as vision, communication, honesty, integrity, continuous learning, courage, tolerance for ambiguity, and creativity. These competencies and traits are considered to be soft skills (Riley et al., 2008). Toor and Ofori (2008) label these traits as general management and leadership skills similarly described in many industries. Technical or hard skills are considered to be more complex and describe traits related to a specific industry. In the construction industry, proficient skills may include intimate know takege of the scheduling, installation processes, sidereal day to day operation of specific job related activities, and overall knowledge of all sub-contractors/tradesman operating on the project. In short, a leader who possesses technical skills in the construction industry understands the terminology and has extensive knowledge regarding all construction related activities.Process Development and Emotional Intelligence twain technical and soft leadership skills are learned and developed over time. Max closelys (2007) law of process explains how leaders, either instinctive born with greater natural gifts, or t hose who become leaders through a collection of skills, fill the magnate to alter. These skills are not developed overnight, because leadership is complicated and has many facets including respect, experience, mad strength, people skills, discipline, vision, momentum, timing, etc. butler and Chinowsky (2006), report that the level of emotional intelligence of a leader is as important as Hellenic traits of intelligence and experience in ontogenesis the leaders of tomorrows construction organizations. According to Goleman (1998), emotional intelligence is the capacity to recognize our own feelings and those of others, for motivating ourselves, and for managing emotions well in us and in our relationships. (Sunindijo et al., 2007, p.166).Leaders with luxuriouslyer emotional intelligence tend to display the traits of transformational leadership found in open communication and proactive leadership movements. Emotional intelligence has been found to assist in generating delegation, opening lines of communication, and improvement of proactive behavior, which can bring positive outcomes to organizations (Sunindijo et al., 2007). Butler and Chinowsky (2006), list fifteen multi-factors which fall within five specific components of emotional intelligence that are related to transformational leadership behavior at a convincing level of statistical significance. The factors areInterpersonal SkillsSelf-regard, Emotional self-awareness, Assertiveness, Independence, Self-ActualizationIntrapersonal SkillsEmpathy, complaisant indebtedness, Interpersonal RelationshipAdaptabilityReality Testing, Flexibility, Problem SolvingStress ManagementStress Tolerance, Impulse ControlGeneral MoodsOptimism, HappinessThe query by Butler and Chinowsky (2006) proves that the relationship between emotional intelligence and the factors listed above have a significant potential impact on construction organizations and the success of its leaders.Leadership Classification and StylesLeadersh ip bearings, behaviors, and techniques are typical topics of discussion in the search for what or who constitutes a true and effective leader. Countless research articles examine the preferred methods of developing or identifying the traits of a quality leader. Among the many articles reviewed for this paper, there has been no evidence that clearly shows a peculiar(prenominal) elan of leadership as optimal hence, it may be concluded that no single leadership style is best for all managerial situations (Giritli Oraz, 2004). look into indicates that most successful leaders in any industry are those who possess the skills to employ a range of styles base on the situation, flexibility is underlying (Giritli Oraz, 2004).Goleman (2000) reports research performed by the consulting firm Hay/Mcber, draws a ergodic sample of 3,871 executives selected from a infobase of more than 20,000 executives worldwide. This research reveals vi distinct leadership styles, each derived from dif ferent aspects of emotional intelligence, and possibly more important, the research indicates that leaders who produced the best results do not rely on only one style of leadership (Goleman, 2000). Giritli and Oraz (2004) explain how different approaches to this subject have led to various classifications of leadership styles. Despite similar labeling of leadership categories, two types of leadership are commonly discussed, accompanied by the sixer styles that assist in explaining the traits of the two classifications (Giritli Oraz, 2004). Giritli and Oraz (2004), list the classifications and styles which includeClassification 1 Transactional leadershipThis classification of leadership is defined as an exchange of rewards with subordinates for services rendered. Transactional leaders typically seek to motivate followers through intrinsic rewards. Transactional leadership includes the followers stylesStyle 1 Coercive (do what I tell you)Considered to be the least flexible and eff ective style because leaders manage by autocratic subordinates tightly, and motivate by using discipline. Some may refer to this as micro-management.Style 2 Authoritative (come with me)This style describes a leader who maximizes allegiance to goals and strategy defines standards and provides flexibility in completing tasks. This form of leadership provides a clear vision in the attempt to motivate subordinates to be creative. In the presence of experts and peers, this style of leadership can be received as overbearing.Classification 2 Transformational leadershipThis classification of leadership is defined as the process of influencing and empowering subordinates. look forers commonly refer to transformational leadership as a distaff leadership style or approach. However, some view transformational leadership as a gender balanced style. Transformational leadership includes the sideline stylesStyle 3 Affiliative (people come first)This style is considered to be flexible, which creates emotional bonds and harmony between leaders and subordinates improves communications and increases the morale of subordinates. This style displays the importance of people and how they come first, as opposed to tasks which are ranked second. The success of this style typically depends on the level of development of the subordinates, if subordinates require a high level of direction, this style of leadership cannot be successful.Style 4 parliamentary (what do you think)This style generates ideas, builds consensus through participation, but requires highly developed and competent subordinates to generate ideas and take part in the decision making process. This style is typical of leaders who are looking to develop and build trust among subordinates and peers. Negative side effects include conflict, and endless meetings with no consensus. This style is not recommended during crisis humour when subordinates are in need of direction rather than support from a leader.Style 5 P acesetting (do as I do, now)A style which characterizes a leader as someone who expects excellence and self-direction, sets high standards, and demands more from execrable performers. This style of leadership has little business organization for interpersonal relationships, that is, they tend to repress on the achievement of tasks. Best suited for highly competent, self-motivated, professional employees, this style is recommended to be used in conjunction with other styles.Style 6 Coaching (try this)This style of leadership develops people for the future, creates dialogue and flexibility, and establishes long-term goals and plans. Also, this style assists employees in identifying their strengths and weaknesses to help improve their performance. This style is least effective when employees are hesitant to learning or change.Leadership Adaptation and IntuitionGoleman (2000) suggests that leaders who are capable of utilizing different styles seamlessly and in different measure, dep ending on the situation, are typically more successful. Goleman (2000) goes on to compare this type of flexible leader to a professional golfer. The pro golfer over the course of a round is required to pick and choose clubs based on the demands of the shot. sometimes he may ponder his selection, but quite often, the decision is automatic. Ultimately, the pro assesses the challenge, chooses his tool of choice/makes a decision, and effortlessly goes to work. High impact and effective leaders operate in a similar fashion (Goleman, 2000).The ability of a leader to make quick and accurate decisions while effortlessly adapting to different styles to address continuously changing situations, can be attributed to his/her level of leadership wisdom. maxwell (2007) discusses the law of intuition and explains how intuition is based on facts, instinct, and other intangible factors, such as employee morale, organizational momentum, and relational dynamics. Maxwell (2007) goes on to say that int uition comes from two things natural ability, which comes in a persons area of strength, coupled with their learned skills (2007). The principles of leadership are constant, but a leaders application must change and adapt to every situation. Without the intuition and ability to adapt, leaders are blindsided, which is one of the worst things that can take place to a leader who wishes to stay at the top (Maxwell, 2007).Giritli and Oraz (2004) explain how the style of leadership changes as the project progresses through its lifecycle. For example, during the design phase, styles may need to allow for more debates, fine-tuning, and deliberation. Conversely, during the complex construction phases, a leader may need to be more structured and dominant. In summary, a leader may need to switch styles to conform to particular situations throughout a project to create the right balance between concern for tasks and concern for people (Giritli Oraz, 2004).Impact of Leadership on Organizationa l ClimateResearch shows that committed employees are the most valuable assets of any organization (Rehman, Shareef, Mahmood Ishaque, 2012). However, leadership within an organization impacts the climate, perceptions, and effectiveness of the working environment (Otara, 2011). The leadership role provides the motivating force that may ultimately determine an organizations success or failure. For this reason, many organizations place great emphasis on choosing the ideal medical prognosis to assume the leadership role. Part of this decision can be based on dominant traits demonstrated by a candidate. Goleman (2000) lists six key factors that influence an organizations working environment or climate. These factors can be reclaimable in determining a leaders impact prior to hiring him/her. The six factors spring from different components of emotional intelligence and includeFlexibility how uninvolved employees feel to innovate unencumbered by red tapeResponsibility to the organizatio nStandards set by the peopleRewards the sense of accuracy nearly performance feedback and aptness of rewardsClarity the clarity people have close to the mission and valuesCommitment to a common purposeGoleman (2000) presents the following table to demonstrate how each leadership style come uponed the six drivers of climate or working environmentCoerciveAuthoritativeAffiliativeDemocraticPacesettingCoachingFlexibility-.28.32.27.28-.07.17Responsibility-.37.21.16.23.04.08Standards.02.38.31.22-.27.39Rewards-.18.54.48.42-.29.43Clarity-.11.44.37.35-.28.38Commitment-.13.35.34.26-.20.27Overall impact on climate-.26.54.46.43-.25.42(p.81)The Data provided by Goleman (2000) reveals the authoritative leadership style has the greatest positive impact on climate, with affiliative, democratic, and coaching styles following closely. This data also indicates that no style should be relied on exclusively, and all have potential, depending on the situation (Goleman, 2000). Of course very few leaders if any possess the ability to change roles and function in all categories. Fortunately, the compensate is quite simple. Good leaders will hire and surround themselves with squad members who employ the skills or styles they lack (Goleman, 2000).Maxwells (2007) description of the inner circle confirms Golemans averment and informs his readers of the importance of a support system in regards to a leaders successWhen we see an incredibly gifted person, its always tempting to weigh that talent alone made him successful. To think that is to buy into a lie. secret code does anything great alone. Leaders do not succeed alone. A leaders potential is determined by those closest to him. What makes the difference is the leaders inner circle. (p. 127)A true leader displays many traits, one of which is a high level of self-confidence. This individual is not afraid or threatened by the success of others and embraces the fact that the people/team he/she has assembled, possess skills that the particular leader lacks. A good leader will apply the skills of others to improve or progress an organizations performance. All of this is done without worry of his or her competencies.Recommendations afterwards completing a review of literature addressing leadership in the construction industry, it is recommended that further research is needed to address the level of emotional intelligence that a potential leader should possess. The consensus of numerous researchers is that many universities fall short or dont address the multitude of important factors that help in developing potential leaders in the industry. Emphasis needs to be move on real life situations faced in the construction industry and played out in the classroom environment. It is important to know if an individual has the right level of emotional intelligence to succeed as a leader in the complex industry of construction.ConclusionAlthough economic factors and matched dynamics have a tremendous impact, leadership a nd the working environment created by a leader has been reported to account for one-third of an organizations performance (Goleman, 2000). The conclusions of this research suggest that the construction industry boast a number of factors that separate it from other industries. The construction industry is unique due to its short-term project life cycles, sub-contractor involvement, project characteristics, environmental factors, and contractual arrangements (Giritli Oraz, 2004). All of which affect the style of leadership and its impact on an organization. Due to these distinct characteristics, research has revealed that no one leadership style is optimal for every situation. Leaders who have the intuition and ability to demonstrate multiple styles and possess a high level of emotional intelligence will have greater influence and success.

Carolingian Renaissance Handwriting

Carolingian Renaissance hi redness handThe Carolingian Renaissance is cognise for the cultural transitions and bang-up achievements that were obtained in the eighth century under the direction of Charlemagne. Charlemagne, who was as well known as Carolus Magnus and Charles the Great, was unriv alled of the majusculeest leaders during the affectionateness Ages. He was a military man, magnate of the Franks, and was appointed as Roman emperor in 800 AD. Throughout Europe, he was seen as a undischarged example of an emperor and Christian king. non only did he revive the political system however in addition the cultural life of Europe. His activities were seen as a strong foundation of the European civilization which developed during the shopping centre Ages around 400 A.D. This was his effort in improving the educational standards of the pot of the church and his men who held roles in the g everyplacenment. His woof for doing such thing was to put unity over control with his stack and opposites. This educational enlighten had legion(predicate) striking accomplished during that period. Along with this advancement, monastic recordoria all over the kingdom intentd the same type of hand report. Thus it make the unverbalised score of write the manuscripts easier and it was seen favorable by umteen. Also most manuscripts from the gothic cadences, whether with illuminations or non, were written on parchment. The manipulation of vellum signified that the manuscript was of great importance. This period allowed some(prenominal) more books to be made and with that more types of books were base utilize in society. In relation, light up manuscripts were items that were the most common during the Middle Ages. They were great examples of medieval painting and being well-preserved made them great survive specimens of that time period. New innovations for manuscript layouts and embellishments were incorporated into the fabrication of manuscrip ts. In consequence, the some(prenominal) another(prenominal) advances of the Carolingian Renaissance chiffonier be seen through the vernal layout and fabrication of a manuscript, the use of illuminations and different types of illuminations being produced and the introduction of the Carolingian minuscule or Caroline compose.A typical light up manuscript has the components of having texts on with embellishments in the means of u darkg decorations. These decorations range from decorated b enunciates, initials and plaything drawings. If one were to elaborate on the exact definition of the term illuminated manuscript, it would be related to manuscripts mettlesomelighted with silver or gold. Earliest endure illuminated manuscripts date back from around 400 AD to AD 600 and ar thought to have been from Italy, Constantinople and Ireland. However, the majority of the surviving manuscripts come from the Middle Ages on with the many manuscripts from the 15th Century Renaissance p eriod and the fewer from the Late Antiquity stage. Most of these manuscripts were made for religious purposes but separate shows that thither too was an abundance of secular texts that were illuminated. Also these illuminated manuscripts scrapeed complete in the form of codices, and at times antique scrolls. There is also a continued existence of loose single sheets and some illuminated manuscript fragments which remain on papyrus form. During the Early Middle Ages, books were fancied in monasteries for business, display or personal use. This led to the beginning of commercialised scriptoria that were located in major European cities such as the ones be to Italy, Paris and also the Netherlands. Most medieval manuscripts illuminated or non, were pen on parchment. Such parchment was imperturbable of stretched and treated wildcat discases of sheep, sura or goat. The term vellum was used to describe manuscripts of great value and high quality. These manuscripts were important because they were used for illuminations. Vellum was made up of un-spilt calf-skin and the other(a) high qualities of animal skins were simply considered as parchment. A large manuscript required the use of a whole cow skin and also the whole skin of a sheep to fabricate a folded sheet of two to four pages. Hides of a whole herd would be required for thick books which made the creation of a chivalric book extremely precious and expensive. About 258 leafs would take in approximately 130 animals and it would make piles of four gatherings of leafs. At the st artistic production of the Middle Ages, paper use was used to formulate manuscripts and early books that were printed had piazza left over for miniatures and rubrics to be incorporated later on. Illuminated initials and decorations along the margins were also commonly used. However when printing started to stimulate more popular, at that place was an increase of books produced and at the same time illuminations decreased. In the early sixteenth century, illuminated manuscripts were still being produced but not in great quantities. These manuscripts were mainly produced for the rich individuals in society. Books were not owned by many and are seen as a great possession and treasure to have along with the great sense of importance in society.The Carolingians got a sense of Mediterranean art and civilisation when Charlemagne went to Rome, where he held the title as holy Roman Emperor in AD 800. He was the symbolic instance of Rome and he since he wanted to revive the Roman culture and accomplishment of the West, it made him the promoter of the arts. He had the goal of joining the artistic accomplishments of the Early Christian and convolute culture with that of his own. While Charlemagne was in power, the Byzantine Empire was divided because of Iconoclasm, which was the destruction of religious monuments and sacred images. He made the smart choice of not favouring either side. There were consequenc es that arose when he clear-cut not to adopt the iconoc blendic traditions and at the same time he incorporated a few human figures in society. The Carolingian art promoted the development of Western Romanesque and Gothic art. If Charlemagne partnered with the Iconoclast, Western art that one views it straight off would be non-existent. Evidence of such art can be seen from the surviving manuscripts, sculptures, reckons of metal and other artifacts from that age. During the Carolingian Renaissance, the illuminated manuscripts were the most scrap of subjects that survived from that era. Charlemagne had great ideas while he was in power. While in command new Gospels and liturgical works were prepared, as were educational materials used to depict historical, scientific and literary works originating from ancient authors. The Carolingian art had different monastic centers throughout the Carolingian Empire which were known as ateliers. These ateliers were special because each one ha d its own quaint air and it was influenced by the artists and current elans of that place and time. These images were drawn after the texts were complete. Illustrators designed and mean the abstract and complex images on wax tablets which were the common drawing frame-up of that period. These wooden tablets were hollow for the internalization of wax and the writing apparatus used for it would be a bone or a stylus. On the other tip of the writing utensil would be a spatula to scrape away errors or to erase the whole image and is re-used a relieve oneself. After that process of forward drawing is finished, the drawing is then traced or illustrated meticulously on the vellum. Pinpricks and other markings are used to accomplish a great manuscript. Such work ethics can be seen with the fabrication of the Lindisfarne Gospels. Another new internalisation that can be seen in the sacred gospels is the introduction of red dots, as part of the page decoration which, was tedious work an d required to be done with patience and care. The sacred scriptures would also be calm of the Evangelists portrait, an image of a carpet made out of spirals and enamel work and finished off with a grand display. Other work methods can be seen through incomplete manuscripts that survived from that time. Most manuscripts usually were not composed of representatives because they were mainly used for educational purposes and its only illuminations would be decorations on the initials. If on that point were manuscripts with full illuminations, it would be used for display purposes and be seen as an illustration book. That was the state of manuscripts during the Middle Ages, but great changes occurred towards the fabrication of manuscripts during Romanesque period. These changes included the incorporation of more illumination and decorations in the books and the study books contained some images, but they were not illustrated with colour. This tendency grew into the Gothic period where there were bigger image sizes but at least one if not many decorations around the page. foliaged patterns on elaborate boarders were the common fixings integrated in the manuscript. A Gothic page might contain several areas and types of decoration a miniature in a frame, a historiated initial beginning of a passage of text, and a border with drolleries. A different artist was utilize to work on different part of the decoration. An artist had their own uncomparable skill that they used when working on a certain entrap of an image.A standardized form of Latin, which originated from Classical Latin, was used in the texts along with new formed delivery. Medieval Latin was most used in that time and was a common language used by the people of Europe. In fact, this language was commonly used by businessmen and scholars for communication, learning and administration purposes. The texts were usually incorporated first when it came to constructing an illuminated manuscript. Script depen ded on the way that were currently being used in society and the one that were most popular. Scripts such as Uncial and half-Uncial were introduced because of the ongoing development and usage of unique texts such as insular small and insular majuscule. forwards these texts were realised, the Roman garner were used during the Middle Ages. Around the 13th century, non-white thick and solid letters were shown and it was made more in vogue around the Middle Ages.Around the 9th century, rooms made solely for writing became extremely popular and were apart of most monasteries. This room was called a scriptoria and it was there were most books were copied. This was a brutal job and it was shown through the hard work done by the monks. The process included the need to check for mistakes and to jell errors that have been made through the years. The copiers would need to study the text and script very carefully because one mistake would be a sin and they would be severely penalized. Other discrepancies such as poorly lit rooms, bad weather conditions and physical fatigue made this job even off more difficult for the monks. There was also no standard intellectual language. Charlemagne decided to change the then current writing style and move to make a standard method for writing. The writing style that society was used to at that time consisted to all uppercase letters and texts without interruptions and punctuations. There was no evident division between the words. This old writing style was the old un-spaced Roman capital script called uncial. Charlemagnes splendid idea worked as it made copying and reading easier for everyone. This style of writing is called the Carolingian Miniscule and is still currently being used today. unalike the older style, this new one had a separation between words and there was evident use of punctuations in the text. Charlemagne also made standards for Medieval Latin because there were evident changes in the Latin language dur ing the last couple of decades. Different expressions, new phrases and words were developed and integrated into the language. be a manuscript included the copying of an old piece of literature, having a decorated picture and possessing fancy capital letters. This act was seen as a great accomplishment at that period. The sacred scripture and writings of the parole were transformed and transfigured into many different forms. Most ministers were illiterate and people who were not from the ordained clergy did not have access to these sacred texts. Charlemagne disliked unaware priests who could not read nor comprehend their own scriptures. Charlemagne created laws and decrees that stated that clerics would loose their personate and job in the office if they were illiterate. Bishops had to respect such demand and undeniable to be literate but there are some cases where bishops were not able to read and economize. Charlemagne enforced a standardized Vulgate Bible, which was a common Benedictine Rule and a basic liturgy. However, in order to obtain such concept, he indispensable to have a standardized written language. Charlemagne found an orthodox churchman from England named Alcuin to help him gain a step closer to his schemes. Alcuin and his fellow monks examined many ancient unmixed scripts in order to find incentives for the new script. In consequence, the Carolingian little was established which was the unification of the small and capitalized letter. The Carolingian miniscule comprised of letters that possess the most decorative flourishes and the system of ligatures was eliminated. As this style of writing dust into England during the 10th century and in Spain in the following century, Carolingian miniscule reformed to being the written language of oppression and religious orthodoxy. It established itself as the official script and literary hand and style of the Frankish region. Later on, scripts such as the ones of Gothic, Roman and Humanists prece ded in time and thus making this script most commonly used today. Thus, Charlemagne took all these differences and transformations and added them to the new scholarly language which is known as Medieval Latin.Thus, the many advances of the Carolingian Renaissance is depicted through the new layout and fabrication of a manuscript, the use of illuminations and different types of illuminations being produced and the introduction of the Carolingian minuscule or Caroline writing. Charlemagne is seen as a great leader who has done many successful things for his people and kingdom. Though was not literate he tried and had a lot of perseverance. Depictions of Charlemagne wanting to be able to read and drop a line are recorded throughout history. He would try and attempt to write everyday with wax tablets and even asked the help of men who were able to write. The dedicated Roman Emperor would also leave notebooks and writing tablets underneath his people hoping that one day he will be able to become literate. However, it was simply too late for him to become literate because he needed to have practiced such skill since his youth. Though he was not literate he still had the ability to be a great leader. Charlemagne ruled individuals from different ancestry lines who were descendants of many races and who spoke languages that were unique from one another. Some of these individuals included the Romans, Goths, Lombards, Burgundians, Saxons, Franks and many others groups. Western Europe was fill with monasteries where several national styles of the cursive formations of Latin surfaced such as Merovingian, Visigothic, Germanic, and Anglo- Irish. for each one party had a monastery dialect which was used by individuals to facilitate copying in an exclusive way and abides with each cloisters preference. His way of reconciling the many people and facilitating the hard work of the laborers made his excellent influence of the many changes he incorporated seen today. The ancient and valuable artifacts that are seen today are because of his ability to unite society and individual characteristics as one.

Importance of Physics in our Daily Life Essay

importance of natural philosophy in our Daily Life EssayRole of physical science in our nonchalant lifespanINTRODUCTIONWe are living in the century of science and technology and introduction of science in our daily has transformed our lives. When people had no idea about science, even thus their lives were governed by principles of different branches of science. When we calorie-free a fire, it is a chemical offset when we eat and digest food, it is biological process when we walk on Erath, it is governed by laws of physics when an Earthquake occurs, its a seismic portrayalivity when we let loose about different terrains and gems of Earth surface, it is related to Geology. There is no star activity of our lives, which define our one or other field of science. Similarly, physics governs our everyday lives and is involved in a number of activities we perform and things we consumption in our daily life. Here we testament address how physics is acting its part in running o ur everyday tasks and assists us to do our errands, chores and duties smoothly and effectively.BODY natural philosophy is considered natural science because it deals with the things like matter, troops, vigour and question. As these completely are related to task related to everyday life, so, we abide say that physics studies how the universe working, how Earth Moves most the sun, how alightening strikes, how our refrigerator works and many more. In short, physics define how everything works around us. When bumnot separate anything from science and, our world cannot disconnect itself from the wonders of Physics. When we look around us, we can see a number of things that work on the principles of Physics. We can justify our several activities by fashioning use of the knowledge of Physics. Here, we will discuss some of the example, which will help us to record how physics is playing its part in our lives each day. passA number of principles of physics are involved in ro und-eyed act of walking. It involves concepts of weight, Newtons three laws of inertia, friction, gravitational law and potential and kinetic dexterity. When we walk, we real act like an inverted pendulum. When we put the foot on ground, it becomes our axis and our great deal is centered in our abdomen, describing the shape of an arc. When we set foot on ground, we real put weight i.e w=mg and apply backward extort on ground, as the response to our weight, ground responds by an opposing array which is vertical in nature, on leg which slows us down and this retardent process continues un slight(prenominal) our leg comes nearest to our tummy. When leg is moving, kinetic push is at maximum and potential energy is zero, but, when leg reaches nearest to belly or arc, potential energy reaches to its maximum. When another step is taken, the stored potential energy is born-again to kinetic energy and this process continues. We act as an imperfect pendulum, because all potential ene rgy is not converted into kinetic energy. Only 65 percent of energy is provided by stored potential energy to take following step, remaining 35 percent is provided by bio chemical processes. (Kunzig, 2001)When we walk we actually do some work in physical terms, as W=F*S, when we conserve some force and as a go forth of it we cover some distance we actually do work. During walking, Newtons three laws of motion are applied. First law of motion states that, a soundbox remains in state of rest unless a force is applied on it. When we are at rest, inertia is at maximum. physical structure needs largest amount of force to get out of state of inertia, i.e when we cacography walking. When we talk first step the energy is transferred from foot to upper body part and we start moving, during the process of walking inertia keeps on changing increases when we set foot on ground and decreases when we move the foot up. bet on law of motion states that a=F/m i.e quickening is at one tim e proportional to the force we use or exert while walking, therefore, when we will apply more force, our acceleration will increase. Third law of motion is about action and reaction, when we set foot on ground we exert force on it and as a result to it ground exerts reactionist vertical force on body. (Patricia Ann Kramer, 2011)CookingThermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with fondness, temperature and work done overdue to it. Heat is a form of energy that can be transferred from one medium to another i.e heat transfer. For heat transfer, heat travels from hotter surface to cooler. When we put goat god, with peeing or something else in it, on burning stove the energy in flame of stove touches glacial pan, it starts transferring heat to the pan thus making it hooter. This phenomenon is called conduction. Convection is a process of drive of molecules in liquid and gases. When we heat the pan, the irrigate molecules on the base of pan start heating up, a time comes w hen they get enough energy and become hotter than the molecules around them, then they start moving to the surface of water. The water molecules on the surface are cooler and heavier from hot water, due to less heat energy, thus start moving down, this process continues until all water comes at same temperature. (ouchmath, 2011)The cooking process is an open system, because in this both(prenominal) matter and energy is lost. According to zeroth law of thermodynamics energy should be conserved, in our case the energy lost by flame is use by pot to heat water and thus the total energy remains conserved. If we use force per unit area cooker it uses het energy to bring self-produced changes into food by using kinetic energy of molecules to bring chemical changes in food thus satisfying law of thermodynamics that spontaneous works are done due to work energy. (Lathbridge, 2013)Cutting results and vegetablesWhen we sew fruit and vegetable, we never realize that physics could be invol ved in this simple task, but, surely it is. In order to stretch anything, we have to exert pressure on glossa. When we increase the pressure we can cut an object comfortably. mechanical press is dependent on force and area i.e directly dependent on force and inversely dependent on area. In simple terms we can say that when we exert more force we can cut an object easily, but, if same force is applied with a knife with thicker edges, we cannot it. From experiences we learn that the knives which have edges with smaller surface area can help to cut an object easily. Similarly, we can cut easily with a sharper knife than blunt. The blunt knife offers more friction, due to its rough edges thus making it difficult to cut an object. throwingOur look are an incredible impart by God. We see wonders of the world, by this small organ. When we talk about parts of body and their function, it is the general concept that we are talking about biology. But, we flatten the fact that functions of our body parts are alike working chthonic the laws of physics and chemistry. If we talk about the sense of seeing, we come to know that our eyes work as a camera to see things around us. The crystalline lens in our eyes is convex i.e it converges or centeringes light. When light enters our eye, cornea and lens focus the light. Iris controls the amount of light entering the eye and iris creates an scene on retina, which is real and inverted i.e like in camera. The image of light is converted into electrical signal, by photoreceptors, and sent to vision centre of champion by optic nerve. The vision center analyses the electric signal and arranges it into its lord form i.e to be seen by eye. The image we can see is due to the amount of light radiateed from that object. This is the reason why we cannot see in dark. (Edmondson, 2005) plaza can perceive different shapes and colors of the objects. Light consists of seven colors, when it fall on an object say, book of color red, it absorbs all the colors and reflect red color. This helps us to interpret that the cover of this book is red. When light falls a ovalbumin object then it reflects all the colors and thats why it seems white (we also regard light as white light). Similarly, when light falls on black object it absorbs all the light and reflects nothing thats why that object looks black. (Pappas, 2010) arising and closing thresholdsPhysics is also involved in opening and closing of hinged doors. The phenomenon involved in opening and closing of door is torque. contortion is the force required to bend an object about an axis or fulcrum. When we open a door by using the handle, at farthest place from hinge, we can easily open the door by producing torque, =F*l sin , where l is the distance of hinge from door hirer or handle. (Lesson 27a crookedness (AP Only) , 2013)If the knob is located near the hinge, we have to exert more torque, thus producing less angular acceleration. When we apply force perpendicular to the door, larger angular acceleration is produced. When we apply force on the door knob, compel the door to short-circuit on its axis thus acting on the principle of torque. Torque is positive when we open the door clockwise and negative if we open it anticlockwise. (Broholom, 1997) purposeHere, we have seen a limited example of physics, but over life is governed by this branch of science. Physics governs a lot of natural phenomenon and also define a number of man made things like cars, refrigerators, cook and escalators. Hence, we can say that our world is ruled by physics.Works CitedBroholom, C. (1997, October 20). Opening a door. Retrieved from John Hopkins University http//www.pha.jhu.edu/broholm/l18/node3.htmlEdmondson, R. (2005, November 11). How are we able to see things? Retrieved from MyUniversalFacts http//www.myuniversalfacts.com/2005/11/how-are-we-able-to-see-things.htmlKunzig, R. (2001). The Physics of Walking. DISCOVER Vol. 22 No. 07.Lathbridge, A. ( 2013, June 06). Thermodynamics of Cooking. Retrieved from Science fare http//sciencefare.org/2013/06/26/thermodynamics-of-cooking/Lesson 27a Torque (AP Only) . (2013, March 12). Retrieved from studyphysics.ca http//www.studyphysics.ca/2007/20/ap_torque/27_ap_a_torque.pdfouchmath. (2011, January 25). THE PHYSICS OF COOKING. Retrieved from OUCH MATH http//ouchmath.wordpress.com/2011/01/25/the-physics-of-cooking/Pappas, t. (2010, April 29). How Do We See in Color? Retrieved from Live Science http//www.livescience.com/32559-why-do-we-see-in-color.htmlPatricia Ann Kramer, A. D. (2011). The Energetic Cost of Walking A Comparison of Predictive Methods. PLoS ONE, 6(6), doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0021290.

Effect of Changing Concentration on the Order of Reaction

cause of Changing denseness on the Order of ReactionTitle An probe into the Effect of Changing the preoccupation by Continuous Method on the Order of ReactionPlanningA. HypothesesI predict that the tread of response is influenced by the density of the reactants and that the pace of answer and the ducking of reactants drop-off as magazine breakups increase. I predict that the order of reception is affected or influenced by the parsimony of the reactant. I similarly predict that the vary in immersion of reactants affects the charge per unit of response proportionately and hence, the order of reaction. Such that, if the stringency of the reactants is reduced by half, the rate of reaction allow for also decrease by a certain proportion.The reaction that volition be analyze in this experiment is between a metal ( milligram ribbon) and an dot (sulfuric superman). The reaction is shown by the chemical equation belowMg (s) + H2S04 (aq) MgS04 (aq) + H2 (g)In this expe riment, 0.15 grams of atomic number 12 ribbon lead be use in excess, together with 10 cubic centimeters of 0.3 M sulphuric window pane (H2SO4). The continuous method leave alone be used, where the metal is in excess and the reaction goes to completion. The mickle of the atomic number 1 flatulence (H2) will be collected at a metric time interval of 30 seconds. These volume readings at the time intervals shall be recorded and analyzed.III. BackgroundThe rate of a reaction depends in portion on the concentrations of the reactants. The rate at which a reactant or reactants is transformed into products is the change in concentration of the reactant or reactants with time, (Wilbraham, et.al., 1997). Mathematically, the rate lavatory be explicit asRate = Change in ducking of Reactants / Change in timeThe edict implies that the rate of disappearance of the reactants is proportionate to its molar concentration. and soChange in Concentration of Reactants / Change in time = pro portional to the concentration of reactantsThe reaction rate has to be experimentally determined. From the reaction rate equation, the order of reaction can be obtained. The order of reactions can be classified as zero order, commencement order, or second order, with repute to only one reactant.IV. Risk AssessmentIn this experiment, sulphuric acid (H2SO4), will be used as a reactant. Since it is a pissed acid and is very corrosive, I will observe the following precautionary measuresWear protective goggles for the eyes.Avoid pipetting the sulphuric acid by mouth.Avoid inhalation of sulfuric acid.Care in handling the acid should be observed. It should be prevented from being knocked over.V. Fair TestTo ensure that the results that I will obtain in the experiment are reliable and accurate, I will observe the followingThe volume measurements of the sulphuric acid reactant will be make very accurately by reading from the let down meniscus of the 10 cubic centimeter markThe bung will be securely and tightly placed to prevent the collected heat content gas (H2) from escaping.The burden measurements of the magnesium ribbon will be made very accurately. entirely materials will be thoroughly cleaned before for apiece one use in order to prevent contamination.The experiment will devote 3 pass offs or replicates in order to attain a high gear reliability of results.VI. Procedure of the ExperimentMaterials neededStopwatch for time interval measurements cytosine cc gas syringe for the Hydrogen gas array100 cc conical flask for the sulphuric acid100 ml graduated cylinder for measuring the sulphuric acid uninflected balance for measuring 0.15 grams of magnesium ribbonProcedure1. Set up the materials temporary hookup making sure that they are thoroughly clean and dry.2. development a graduated cylinder, measure 10 cc of 0.3 Molar concentration of sulphuric acid.3. Carefully weigh 0.15 grams of magnesium ribbon exploitation an analytic balance to make sure that the weight measurement is accurate.5. Put the 0.15 grams of magnesium ribbon into the conical flask with the sulphuric acid.7. Measure the volume in cubic centimeters of hydrogen gas collected in the gas syringe at all(prenominal) time interval of 30 seconds.8. Record the volume of collected hydrogen gas at each set time interval.9. Make 2 more puffs of this experiment by repeating steps 1-8 at every run.VII. Results.Below are the tabulated volume measurements at every time intervalTable 1 Volume Measurements for choke 1The data in Table 1 were plot in a interpret belowGraph 1 Volume vs. clipping ( take place1)For Run 2, the data were obtained were tabulated belowTable 2 Volume Measurements for Run 2The data in Table 2 were plotted in a graph belowGraph 2 Volume vs. meter (Run 2)For Run 3, the data were obtained were tabulated belowTable 3 Volume Measurements for Run 3The data in Table 3 were plotted in a graph belowGraph 3 Volume vs. Time (Run3)All three graphs show the tre nd that as time increases, the volume of the reactant decreases, while the volume of the product increases.B. Calculation of the Concentration of ReactantFrom the reactionMg (s) + H2SO4 (aq) MgSO4 (aq) + H2 (aq)Concentration is measured in terms of thousand, where Molarity is equal to the number of moles of solute dual-lane by liters of originMolarity = No. of moles of solute / Liters of solutionFor Magnesium (Mg), 0.15 grams were added to sulphuric acid. The number of moles is equal to weight in grams divided by the formula weight. Hence, the number of moles = wt. in grams / FW. Since 0.15 grams were used, 0.15 grams should be divided by the formula weight of Magnesium (Mg), which is 24.So 0.15 grams / 24 = 0.00625 moles for Mg.To get the molar concentration, the number of moles will be divided by the volume of the solution in liters, which is 0.01.So, the molar concentration of Mg is 0.00625 / 0.01 = 0.625 MFor the sulphuric acid (H2SO4) used, the molarity is 0.3 M. The numbe r of moles of H2SO4 used is determined by multiplying the molar concentration by the volume of solution in liters. Hence 0.3 moles/L X 0.01L = 0.003 moles.From the chemical equation of the reaction, for every 0.003 moles of H2SO4 used, the same amount of moles (0.003) of hydrogen gas (H2) is given off.The molar concentration of the hydrogen gas evolved can now be determined for each respective time interval, by dividing the number of moles by the volume obtained.For run 1The concentration of the product can now be calculated, using the formula for reaction rate, where Molarity = Number of moles / Liters of solutionThe data for the concentration of the hydrogen gas are tabulated belowTable 4 Molarity of the hydrogen gas (H2)The molarity values tabulated above are plotted in the graph belowGraph 4 Concentration vs. Time (Run1)Graph 5 Concentration vs. Time (Run 1) Showing the Gradient of the sunburn CurveThe rate of reaction was calculated by measuring the slope of the tangent of the curve above, as depicted by the red line. Hence, the slope of the tangent is equal to 0.12 0.05 / 150 = 0.00046. From the rate equation, the rate constant (k) can be obtained by the formula k = rate x H2SO4. So k = (0.00046) / 0.3 = 0.153. The rate equation isRate = k H2SO4Rate = (0.153) (0.003) = 0. 000459 or 0.0046. Hence, this value is equal to the gradient of the tangent of the graph above. This shows that the rate is straightway proportional to the concentration of the sulphuric acid (H2SO4).Table 5 Concentration of Gas Collected and Rate of Reaction (Run 1)The plotting of tabulated data above results to the graph belowGraph 6 Rate vs. Concentration (Run 1)The Rate Concentration Graph for Run 1 above shows that the concentration of hydrogen gas (H2) is directly proportional to the rate of reaction. Thus, the concentration of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) is also directly proportional to the rate of reaction, whereby, as the concentration decreases, the rate of reaction also decreas es.Since the Magnesium ribbon is in excess, only the sulfuric acid can be allowed to change. Having it in excess is to make sure that its concentration does not change.Using the rate of reactionRate = k H2SO4And applying the rate equation to the chemical equation in the reactionMg (s) + H2SO4 (aq) MgSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)The rate equation is now Rate = k Mg H2SO4.Since Mg concentration does not change in the reaction, it is the zero order. On the other hand, since H2SO4 is in the first order of reaction, the rate is directly proportional to its concentration, as measured in the experiment by the concentration of the H2 gas collected, the overall order of reaction is 0+1 = 1.For Run 2, the table below shows its concentration.Table 6 Molarity of the Hydrogen gas (Run2)The table of Concentration and Time for run 2 gives the following graphGraph7 Concentration vs. Time (Run 2)The Concentration Time Graph for run 2 above shows the same trend as in run 1, where it shows an inverse proportion ality as time increases, the concentration of the sulfuric acid ( H2SO4) decreases as measured by the concentration of the hydrogen gas (H2) collected. The rate of re

Interrupts and interrupt applications

take a breachs and embarrass applications8086 Interrupts And Interrupt ApplicationsIntroductionMicroprocessors atomic number 18 computers built on iodine IC. There can be to a greater extent(prenominal) ICs also hired for this. Most microprocessors altogetherow normal chopine doing to be give wayed by several(prenominal) outside(a) channelize or by a special vigilance in the political platform. In retort to an obstruct the microprocessor menstruations executing its current program and calls a bit which sevices the dispel. An IRET commandment at the endof the break service mathematical process re licks assertion exertion to the infracted program.8086 Interrupts And Interrupt ResponsesAn 8086 hinder can come from all iodine of common chord sources. One source is an external betoken applied to the non-maskable burst (NMI) foreplay pin or to the go bad stimulant drug pin. An interrupt growd by a signal applied to one(a) of these stimulations is re ferred to as a computer hardw ar interrupt. A second source of an interrupt is murder of the interrupt instruction. This is referred to as a computer software package interrupt. The third source of an interrupt is some misapprehension tick produced in the 8086 by the execution of an instruction. An example of this is the fraction by zippo interrupt. If you attempt to divide an operand by zero, the 8086 go forth automatically interrupt the presently executing program. At the end of each instruction cycle, the 8086 ends to protrude if any(prenominal) interrupts have been requested. If an interrupt has been requested, the 8086 responds to the interrupt by stepping through the pursuance series of major actions1) It decrements the stack pointer by 2 and pushes the droop register on the stack.2) It disables the 8086 INTR interrupt infix by clearing the interrupt sword lily in the glad register.3) It adoptjusts the trap flag in the flag register.4) It decrements the stack pointer by 2 and pushes the current code part register contents on the stack.5) It decrements the stack pointer again by 2 and pushes the current instruction pointer contents on the stack.8086 Interrupt TypesThe preceding sections pulmonary tuberculosisd the theatrical role 0 interrupts an example of how the 8086 interrupts function. It has hardware ca apply NMI interrupt, the software interrupts produced by the INT instruction, and the hardware interrupt produced by applying a signal to the INTR arousal pin.DIVIDE-BY-ZERO INTERRUPT-TYPE 0The 8086 provideing automatically do a type 0 interrupt if the outlet of a DIV operation or an IDIV operation is as well as large to fit in the destination register. For a type 0 interrupt, the 8086 pushes the flag register on the stack, resets IF and TF and pushes the return tot upresses on the stack.SINGLE musical note INTERRUPT-TYPE 1The use of single step trace found in some monitor programs and debugger programs. When you come apa rt a clay to single step, it give black market one instruction and stop. If they are correct we can tell a system to single step, it will execute one instruction and stop. We can then(prenominal) examine the contents of registers and memory locations. In new(prenominal) words, when in single step mode a system will stop after it executes each instruction and wait for further direction from you. The 8086 trap flag and type 1 interrupt response put forward it quite easy to implement a single step have got direction.NONMASKABLE INTERRUPT-TYPE 2The 8086 will automatically do a type 2 interrupt response when it receives a low to high transition on its NMI pin. When it does a type 2 interrupt, the 8086 will push the flags on the stack, reset TF and IF, and push the CS value and the IP value for the next instruction on the stack. It will then get the CS value for the conk out of the type 2 interrupt service act from address 0000AH and the IP value for the start of the role from address 00008H.BREAKPOINT INTERRUPT-TYPE 3The type 3 interrupt is produced by execution of the INT3 instruction. The main use of the type 3 interrupt is to implement a breakpoint function in a system. When we chisel in a breakpoint, the system executes the instructions up to the breakpoint and then goes to the breakpoint social occasion. Unlikethe single step which stops execution after each instruction, the breakpoint feature executes all the instructions up to the inserted breakpoint and then stops execution.OVERFLOW INTERRUPT-TYPE4The 8086 all overflow flag will be set if the subscribe result of an arithmetic operation on two signed numbers is too large to be represented in the destination register or memory location. For example, if you add the 8 bit signed number 01101100 and the 8 bit signed number 010111101, the result will be 10111101. This would be the correct result if we were adding unsigned binary numbers, but it is not the correct signed result. packet INTERRUPTS-T YPE O finished 255The 8086 INT instruction can be use to cause the 8086 to do any one of the 256 possible interrupt types. The desired interrupt type is specified as part of the instruction. The instruction INT32, for example will cause the 8086 to do a type 32 interrupt response. The 8086 will push the flag register on the stack, reset TF and IF, and push the CS and IP values of the next instruction on the stack.INTR INTERRUPTS-TYPES 0 THROUGH 255The 8086 INTR input allows some external signal to interrupt execution of a program. Unlike the NMI input, however, INTR can be masked so that it cannot cause an interrupt. If the interrupt flag is cleared, then the INTR input is disabled. IF can be cleared at any time with CLEAR instruction.PRIORITY OF 8086 INTERRUPTSIf two or more interrupts occur at the same time then the highest priority interrupt will be serviced first, and then the next highest priority interrupt will be serviced. As a example suppose that the INTR input is enabled , the 8086 receives an INTR signal during the execution of a divide instruction, and the divide operation produces a divide by zero interrupt. Since the internal interrupts-such(prenominal) as divide error, INT, and INTO have higher(prenominal) priority than INTR the 8086 will do a divide error interrupt response first.Hardware Interrupt ApplicationsSimple Interrupt Data insertOne of the most common uses of interrupts is to relieve a processor of the commove of polling. To refresh your memory polling works as follows. The strobe or selective information lay out signal from some external device is machine-accessible to an input port line on the microcomputer. The microcomputer uses a program hand-build to read and examine this port line over and over until the information ready signal is found to be asserted. The microcomputer then exits the polling curl and reads in the data from the external device. The dis reward of polled input or turnout is that while the microcomputer is polling the strobe or data ready signal, it cannot considerably be doing opposite tasks. I n this case the data ready or strobe signal is connected to an interrupt input on the microcomputer. The microcomputer then goes active doing its other tasks until it is interrupt by a data ready signal from the external device. An interrupt service procedure can read in or send out the desired data in a few microseconds and return execution to the interrupted program. The input and output operation then uses only a bitty percentage of the microprocessors time.Counting ApplicationsAs a simple example of the use of an interrupt input for counting , suppose that we are using an 8086 to harbour a printed circuit carte making machine in our computerized electronics factory. win suppose that we want to identify each finished board as it comes out of the machine and to keep a count with the number of boards supply in. This way we can determine if any boards were lost in the machine. T o do this count on an interrupt foundation garment, all we have to do is to detect when a board passes out of the machine and send an interrupt signal to an interrupt input on the 8086. The interrupt service procedure for that input can simply increment the board count stored in a named memory location. To detect a board coming out of the machine, we use an infrared LED, a photoresistor and two conditioning gates. The LED is positioned over the skip where the boards come out, and the photoresistor is positioned below the track. When no board is between the LED and the photoresistor, the luminance from the LED will strike the photoresistor and turn it on. The collector of the photoresistor will then be low, as will the NMI input on the 8086. When a board passes between the LED and photoresistor, the light will not reach the photoresistor and turn it on. The collector of the photoresistor will then be low, as will the NMI input on the 8086.Timing ApplicationsIn this it is shown tha t how delay closed circuit could be apply to set the time between microcomputer operations. In the example there, we used a delay loop to take in data samples at 1 ms intervals. The obvious disadvantage of a delay loop is that while the microcomputer is stuck in the delay loop, it cannot easily be doing other useful work. In many cases a delay loop would be a waste of the microcomputers valuable time, so we use an interrupt approach. conceive for example, that in our 8086 controlled printed circuit board making machine we need to check the ph of a solution approximately every 4 min. If we used a delay loop to count off the 4 min, all the 8086 wouldnt be able to do much else or what points in the program to go check the ph.8254 Software-Programmable Timer/CounterBecause of many tasks that they can be used for in microcomputer systems, programmable timer/counters are very beta for you to learn about. As you read through following sections, pay incident attention to the applicati ons of this device in systems and the general procedures for initializing a programmable device such as 8254. elemental 8253 And 8254 OperationThe intel 8253 and 8254 each contain three 16 bit counters which can be programmed to operate in several different modes. The major differences are as follows1) The maximum input clock frequence for the 8253 is 2.6 MHz, the maximum clock frequency for the 8254 is 8MHz.2) The 8254 has a read back feature which allows you to latch the count in all the counters and the status of the counter at any point. The 8253 does not have this read back feature. The big advantage of these counters, however, is that you can load a count in them, start them and stop them with instructions in your program. Such a device is said to be software programmable.8259a Priority Interrupt ControllerIn a scummy system, for example, we might read ASCII temperaments in from a keyboard on an interrupt basis count interrupts from timer to produce a real time clock of sec ond, minutes and hours and detect several emergency or job make conditions on an interrupt basis. Each of these interrupt applications requires a separate interrupt input. If we are working with an 8086 , we have problem here because the 8086 has only two interrupt inputs, NMI and INTR. If we save NMI for a power failure interrupt, this leaves only one input for all the other applications. For applications where we have interrupts from multiple sources, we use an external device called a priority interrupt controller.Software Interrupt ApplicationsThe software interrupt instruction INT N can be used to test any type of interrupt procedure. For example to test a type 64 interrupt procedure without the need for external hardware, we can execute the instruction INT 64.Another important use of software interrupts is to call Basic Input Output System, or BIOS, procedures in an IBM PC-type computer. These procedures in the system ROMS complete specific input or output functions, such as rendering a character from the keyboard, writing some characters to the CRT, or reading some information from a disk. To call one of these procedures, you load any involve parameters in some specified registers and execute an INT N instruction. N in this case is the interrupt type which vectors to the desired procedure. Suppose that, as part of an assembly language program that you are writing to run on an IBM PC type computer, you want to send some characters to the correspondent. The header for the INT 17H procedure from the IBM PC BIOS listing. The DX, AH, and AL registers are used to pass the required parameters to the procedure. The procedure is used for two different operations initializing the printer port and move a character to the printer. The operation performed by the procedure is determined by the number passed to the procedure in the AH register. AH=1 means initialize the printer port, AH=0 means print the characters in AL, and AH=2 means read the printer status a nd returned in AH. If an attempt to print a character was not successful for some reason, such as the printer not being turned on, not being selected, or being busy, 01 is returned in AH. The main advantage of calling procedures with software interrupts is that you dont need to worry about the absolute address where the procedure actually resides or about move to link the procedure into your program. So at last every microcomputer system uses a variety of interrupts and this is all about 8086 interrupts and applications.ConclusionMicroprocessors are computers built on single IC. There can be more ICs also used for this. Most microprocessors allow normal program execution to be interrupted by some external signal or by a special instruction in the program. In response to an interrupt the microprocessor stops executing its current program and calls a procedure which sevices the interrupt. An IRET instruction at the end of the interrupt service procedure returns execution to the inter rupted program. An 8086 interrupt can come from any one of three sources. One source is an external signal applied to the non-maskable interrupt (NMI) input pin or to the interrupt input pin. An interrupt caused by a signal applied to one of these inputs is referred to as a hardware interrupt. A second source of an interrupt is execution of the interrupt instruction. This is referred to as a software interrupt. The third source of an interrupt is some error condition produced in the 8086 by the execution of an instruction. An example of this is the divide by zero interrupt. If you attempt to divide an operand by zero, the 8086 will automatically interrupt the currently executing program. At the end of each instruction cycle, the 8086 checks to see if any interrupts have been requested. One of the most common uses of interrupts is to relieve a CPU of the burden of polling. To refresh your memory polling works as follows. The strobe or data ready signal from some external device is co nnected to an input port line on the microcomputer. The microcomputer uses a program loop to read and test this port line over and over until the data ready signal is found to be asserted. The software interrupt instruction INT N can be used to test any type of interrupt procedure. For example to test a type 64 interrupt procedure without the need for external hardware, we can execute the instruction INT 64. So at last we conclude that every microcomputer system uses a variety of interrupts and this is all about 8086 interrupts and applications.References1) DOUGLAS V.HALL, microprocessors and interfacing TaMcGRaw-Hill edition2) www.wikipedia.com3) www.google.com

Comparing Escape in Madame Bovary and Fathers & Sons Essay -- comparis

Madame Bovary and Fathers & Sons Many people cede a nasty time dealing with the real world. These people search desperately for ane thing release from the toils of everyday life. Basarov in Fathers & Sons and Emma Bovary in Madame Bovary are likewise searching for an escape - through romance. Each character follows their own misdirect thoughts and emotions. And by the end of their respective novels, each will have to sleep with to terms with their decisions in dealing with an idealistic romanticism. Basarov, through most of the novel, is the embodiment of abstinence. He is introduced as a nihilist, a person who does not create any principle for granted, however such(prenominal) that principle may be revered(94). He denies the existence of anything that cannot be verified by confirmable methods. To him, the world in one big laboratory, with laws waiting to be be by experimentation and reasoning according to cold hard facts. A great deal of his time is spent in such experim entation. He is a doctor, educated in the sciences at the university in Petersburg, and applies his learning on a regular basis during his nature walks at Maryino and with Madame Odintsov. He also exhibits other, less laudable characteristics as a result of his approach to life. Basically, he has trouble getting on with people. His arrogance and aloofness, especially in dealing with the provincial aristocrats (Pavel and Nikolai Petrovich), cause much conflict and ill will at Maryino Pavel regarded him as an arrogant, impudent fellow, a cynic and a vulgarian. He suspected that Basarov... all but despise him.... Nikolai Petrovich was slightly apprehensive of the young nihilist and was doubtful whether his influence on Arkady was comeable(117). Basarov detache... ...ent he thought of her he could easily have mastered his credit line but something else was taking possession of him, something he had never allowed, at which he had always scoffed, at which all his pride revolted(170) . Finally, early one daybreak in a fit of emotion, Basarov finally declares his mad, idiotic love to Anna. She responds with, You have misunderstood me, and the two part company in confusion (183). The emergence goes unresolved until a final scene at Basarovs deathbed. Neither Emma nor Basarov earn their fault in time. Emma returns to reality just in time to follow up her life crumbling and cant deal with it, committing suicide as a final escape. Basarov realizes his love for Anna only as he lay dying of typhus. So it appears incomplete had the correct approach to life. Maybe the correct approach is one of easement a balance of cold reason and glowing passion.

Harold and Maude an analysis Essay -- essays research papers

We are born into this world with the realization that life is grueling and that life is like a box of chocolates and it is hard to take it at face value. The majority of our time is spent trying to answer an fadeless stream of questions only(prenominal) to find the answers to be a complex road of even more questions. This film tells the story of Harold, a twenty division old lost in life and haunted by answerless questions. Harold is stupid with death until he meets a good role model in Maude, an eighty year old woman that is obsessed with life and its avails. However, Maude does non answer all of Harolds questions but she leads him to realize that there is a light at the end of everyones tunnel if you pursue it to concluding extremes by being whatever you want to be. Nevertheless, they are a passing unlikely match but they obviously help each otherwise in many ways in the film.Maude introduces Harold to the circle of life and liberates him from the self-imposed prison and loveless life he has endured since he was born. Harold was born an only child who was raised by a single mom. His mom seeks fancy of all aspects of his life and she shows virtually no affection to him at all. She wants him to assure in with society and abide by the common norms in society. She gives him no chance to think for himself as she speaks for him all the time (filling out the geological dating form, talking for him when his dates came to visit him). She serves as a static nuisance to actuate Harold of his past more than anything els...

The Medieval Crusades: Launched to Spread Worship of Dionysus :: European Europe History

The Medieval Crusades Launched to send Worship of Dionysus Although it is a popular notion that the crusades of the Elevenththrough 13th Century Europe were launched to spread Christianity, itis a seldom realized point that they were actually launched to spread theworship of the Greek God Dionysus. While more fundamentalist radicals andeven some historians who ought to know better will quarrel this,itis,nevertheless,true. During the Middle Ages in Europe,there were a series of ten religiouscrusades launched all over a period of three centuries.It is commonly believedthat these were organized and carried out by Christian religious leaders tounite more territory to a lower place the red and white flag of their cherishedreligion. The fact that accounts of the Crusades were recorded as they arein the history books is due to the overwhelming influence exerted byoverzealous religious leaders on historians of the twenty-four hour period.It is an unfortunatefact that small-mind ed remains of the historical representations of what actuallyhappened. While the Church leaders of the day destroyed all written account of whoinitiated the ten Crusades and what really occurred in the course of thesereligious conquests,the true story of what happened survives to thisday.High in the mountainous terrain of northern Turkey exists a tribe ofdedicated monks who,with their egg-producing(prenominal) counterparts,still guide in therituals of Dionysean worship,just as they have for centuries in theirmountaintop isolation. These are the chosen few who engage in the festivalsof uncontrolled drinking and the shared crowd enjoyment of their femalemembers characterizing their worship of this fun-loving God.It is to thesefew that practice not the self-denial of the Christian Church,but kindathe indulgent,free-spirited way of the Dionysean following that the truestory of the Crusades is known. While the historical accounts of the participants and the motives fannythe Crus ades are inaccurate,they do correctly identify the routes taken bythe Crusaders.Their purpose was to come up through Europe,eventuallyarriving in Turkey,staging festival after festival along their way,in muchthe same manner as the original chase of Dionysus did. Afterthat,however,they planned to return through what is now the SovietRe universes,so as to avoid angry festival-goers recovering from the illeffects of excessive intoxicant consumption and various social diseasescontracted during the festivities.After the tenth Crusade,after numerous troops encounters with opposing religious groups occupying variousterritories,they had arrived in Turkey. There,a tremendous celebration andpublic orgy was held,as this would be their final destination beforereturning home. Unfortunately,however,the group lingered too long and wasoverrun by unruly,hung-over citizens.The Dionysean companys chariots andwagons were burned,and they were forced to flee into the mountains of